HYDROGEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEY, AND ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING PRIMARY WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN EASTERN KENYA, AFRICA

Prolonged dryness and low net precipitation of the seasonal long and short rains have resulted in a drought emergency within the eastern province of Kenya, impacting an estimated population of 2.5 million. In response to the drought, the Joint Forces Command, Horn of Africa mobilized a USN Hydrogeologic Team to complete an assessment of 10 sites and make recommendations on how resources may be applied to mitigate existing drought conditions. The short-term consequence is marked by an increase in malnutrition rates and widespread mortality of livestock. If drought conditions persist, the long-term consequence will be wide spread famine, with an increase in disease and loss of life.

The mission objectives were to select prospective sites for wells based on mapped geologic structures likely to produce water and to work closely with Kenyan Ministry of Water Geologists in a bi-lateral effort to improve existing water sources. The hydrogeologic survey also provided assistance in the form of recommendations for water well and primary distribution improvements for the community areas affected by the drought.

The Team determined that a significant number of existing shallow and deepwater wells in eastern Kenya have compromised well casings, and have either failed or suffered declining yields during the past few years. Water wells have failed within a twelve month time frame, while others have declined in production since 2004 due to: a lack of understanding of subsurface geologic conditions, improper installation of sanitary seals, poor well design, incomplete well development, over-pumping, saline water intrusion, sand pumping, and possible cross-contamination wth problem drinking water organisms and other contaminants. This negative trend can be alleviated through the development and execution of a regional water plan, professional development seminars, additional hydrogeologic site surveys, technology transfer, well drilling and construction support, and partnership with non-governmental organizations.