REVEALING PATTERNS OF ENHANCED FRACTURE PERMEABILITY AND FLUID FLOW IN THE FOOTWALL DAMAGE ZONE OF AN ACTIVE NORMAL FAULT: THE HURRICANE FAULT AT PAH TEMPE HOT SPRINGS, WASHINGTON COUNTY, UTAH

The Pah Tempe hot springs discharge ~260 L/s of water at ~40°C into the Virgin River in the damage zone of the footwall of the Hurricane Fault at Timpoweap Canyon, near Hurricane, Utah, USA. Although these are Na-Cl waters, they actively discharge CO₂ gas and contain significant quantities of CO₂ (~34.6 mmol/kg), predominantly as H₂CO₃ and HCO₃^-. Because of excellent exposures, Pah Tempe provides an exceptional opportunity to observe the effects of enhanced fracture permeability in an active extensional fault.

Pah Tempe waters have been deeply circulated (> 5km; >150°C) into basement rock as illustrated by clear water-rock exchange of oxygen isotopes. Waters were probably recharged under colder climate conditions than present, and therefore have a prolonged subsurface residence. Discharge of both water and gas in the springs correlates to the density of fractures in carbonate rocks above stream level. This observation suggests that clusters of high fracture density in the fault damage zone act as predictable pathways from the likely regional aquifer (the eolian Queantoweap Sandstone) through the overlying confining unit, the gypsiferous silty Seligman Member of the Kaibab Formation.

Mass balance modeling suggests that the majority of CO₂ discharge is the product of the quantitative dissolution of CO₂ gas at depth within the fault zone. Upon discharge, most of the carbon is released to the surface as dissolved species. It appears that the subsurface production rate of CO₂ is relatively low because Pah Tempe waters are grossly undersaturated in CO₂ at inferred minimum circulation depths and temperatures. Geological and geochemical data also suggest that the CO₂ is dominated by a crustal component complemented by minor mantle contributions.