TECHNOLOGICALLY FACILITATED TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC MAPPING IN INTRODUCTORY EARTH SCIENCE COURSES

Two problem-based laboratory learning experiences demonstrate the integrated use of multiple technological approaches with traditional mapping techniques. A topographic mapping experience demonstrates how traditional hand levels, pedometers, measuring tapes, compasses, and optical transits can be effectively used with GPS receivers, total stations, and computer applications to introduce the concepts of modeling and measurement error. A geologic mapping exercise demonstrates how traditional measuring tapes and compasses can be effectively used with GPS receivers, computer interfaced sensors, magnetic susceptibility meters, magnetometers, along with spreadsheet and online-computer mapping applications to introduce geophysical properties and near-surface prospection.