GSA Annual Meeting, November 5-8, 2001

Paper No. 0
Presentation Time: 11:05 AM

TECTONIC REMOTE-SENSING FOR HYDROGEOLOGICAL MODELING IN TABLE MOUNTAIN GROUP AQUIFERS, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA


HARTNADY, Chris J.H. and HAY, E. Rowena, Umvoto Africa cc, PO Box 61, Muizenberg, 7950, South Africa, umvoto@mweb.co.za

The lower part of the Late Ordovician-Early Devonian Table Mountain Group (TMG) contains an extensive (~100 000 km2) ultraquartzose formation, probably the thickest (1.5-2 km) of its kind anywhere. The structural geology of the Peninsula Aquifer was the main subject of a recent regional study, funded by the South African Dept. of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) and known locally as the “Citrusdal Artesian Groundwater Exploration” (CAGE) Project. The name comes from a small town, ~200 km NE of Cape Town, along the upper Olifants River, the course of which is structurally controlled by a major synclinal fold.

Using Landsat-5 and SPOT imagery over a high-resolution (30 m pixel) digital elevation model of mountainous terrain, the CAGE Project accurately determined boundaries and internal structures of the TMG fractured-rock aquifers, quantified patterns of fracture orientation and spatial density, and thereby mapped the principal hydraulically conductive structures (“hydrotects”). Quantitative structural analysis from satellite-based remote sensing was supplemented by aerial photo interpretation of selected well-exposed terrains, follow-up fieldwork, and 3-D stereographic analysis.

In balanced section, large confined volumes of the Peninsula Aquifer are located up to 3 km below sea-level in a boxfold-like Olifants River Syncline (ORS), and its N/S fold-axial trend is kinematically related to a dominant NW/SE to NNW/SSE direction of sinistral strike-slip faulting. Four megafault systems transect the ORS on this trend, and are linked by connecting splays, cross-faults, and innumerable joints in five principal sets. Fracture-spatial density and -connectivity relations show that the fault-fracture system is a percolating network for kilometres-deep movement of groundwater from high recharge zones in the SE to valley and coastal-plain discharge zones in the N and W.

Perennial hot springs (e.g., 42.9°C flowing 30 l/s at “The Baths” spa) occur at key system nodes, and several deep boreholes of thermal artesian nature are sited on the hydrotect basis. Preliminary 3-D mass-balance modelling of surface- and groundwater flow regimes indicates conservatively that ~45 million m3/yr of the natural discharge to the ocean is potentially available for sustainable exploitation.