OPHIOLITE STUDIES AND GLOBAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

Geochemical profiles through ophiolite complexes provided the necessary link between the study of global geochemical cycles and plate tectonics. The hydrothermal circulation that occurs beneath the seafloor is the primary mechanism for exchange between the mantle of the Earth and the hydrosphere. The subduction of hydrothermally altered crust and overlying sediments is the primary mechanism for crustal recycling. Oxygen and strontium isotopes of seawater track the competition between continental weathering and midocean ridge hydrothermal exchange to control the composition of the oceans. Mixing between river water and end-member black smoker fluid extends this analysis to the major cation and anion composition of seawater. Information derived from ophiolite studies on the elemental fluxes and the depth of seawater penetration into the oceanic crust provides constraints on the important rate constants associated with these competing processes. The isotopes of strontium, a trace element in seawater, provide proxy information on spreading rates and sea level throughout geologic time. The same tectonic rates that account for the Sr isotope evolution of seawater indicate that the oxygen isotopic composition of the ocean is constrained to vary within narrow limits (per mil level). Isotopic analysis of dredge samples and ophiolite complexes demonstrated that seawater-ocean crust interactions result in a oxygen isotopic zonation of the oceanic crust with complementary enriched and depleted masses (concentration times volume) centered on the initial isotopic composition of the crust. This requires that the oxygen isotopic composition of the ocean resides at near steady-state conditions over Earth history; critical for the application of oxygen isotopes for paleoclimate analysis. The inferences from ophiolite complexes contrast strongly with the results of measurements on carbonates from epicontinental seaways. Ophiolites and greenstone belts track exchange processes between the ocean and the igneous crust whereas most carbonate measurements track the surface ocean on continental shelves. For oxygen isotopes, the volume of epicontinental seaways and the rates of meteoric water input suggest a resolution to the controversy that accounts for both data sets.