REDESCRIPTION AND TAXONOMIC STATUS OF SPECIMENS OF EPISCOPOSAURUS AND TYPOTHORAX: THE EARLIEST KNOWN AETOSAURS (ARCHOSAURIA: SUCHIA) FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA AND THE PROBLEM OF PROXY “HOLOTYPES”

Historic type and referred material of the aetosaurian taxa Typothorax coccinarum, Episcoposaurus horridus, and Episcoposaurus haplocerus are redescribed and the nonaetosaurian material identified and removed, a task previously considered “hopeless”. Reexamination of the material reveals that the holotypes of E. haplocerus and probably T. coccinarum are not diagnosable at the species level and therefore are nomina dubia. The next available names for material referred to these taxa are Desmatosuchus spurensis and E. horridus respectively, although it may be more desirable for reasons of taxonomic stability to attempt to petition for a neotype in the latter case. The redescription of historical specimens is useful to determine their nomenclatural validity. The use of referred specimens as proxy “type” specimens is problematic as these referrals were originally made not on the basis of apomorphies, but rather on biostratigraphic or geographical assumptions which are inherently circular and cannot be unambiguously supported.