THE INFLUENCE OF INCREMENTAL MAGMA CHAMBER GROWTH ON ORE PRECIPITATION IN PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSITS – A NUMERICAL MODELING APPROACH
Our numerical simulations indicate that magma emplacement rates of at least 4 x 10-4 km³/y are required to constantly maintain a small region of melt and continuously produce magmatic fluids. Higher injection rates (5 - 6.5 x 10-4 km³/y) lead to growing magma chambers with sizes of up to 3 km in thickness. In comparison to an instantaneously emplaced magma chamber with the same dimension, the incremental growth scenario results in further stabilization of the fluid plume, leading to a narrower copper ore shell in a defined region and higher ore grades due to the more constant fluid production. In contrast, lower magmatic injection rates result in multiple overprinting pulses of hydrothermal mineralization and in an overall decrease of the maximum ore grade despite the same amount of total fluid production. The injection location of the magmatic fluid also has a direct effect on the ore shell, with fluid release at one side of the pluton leading to particularly high ore grades caused by a steeper temperature gradient within the fluid plume. The numerical simulations indicate that porphyry copper deposits are more likely to form in association with magma chambers which grow by rapid episodic injection of magma, whereas low injection rates cannot produce a magma chamber that is able to form a deposit.