James Ebert: I think we'd better get things started our first speaker is David low and he's going to be sharing information on groundwater still creek in the Potsdam group Ottawa Robin.
James Ebert: pace example of shallow fault controls solo suffocation and diesel a certification in a tectonically active base and so all yours, David and everyone else, please mute your microphones.
David Lowe: Alright, so yeah thanks for the introduction it's really good to be here today, even though by here I mean.
David Lowe: My basement and St john's but you know what I mean.
David Lowe: So i'm going to be talking today about a soul creates from from the same group of cambrian example, and it was something that Bruce selleck originally had looked at.
David Lowe: Back in the 1970s sort of be for a lot has understood about still creates.
David Lowe: And the Potsdam group and its relationship to sort of the vestige of the St Lawrence thrift, including the Ottawa grabbing so we really dug into this, because it was interesting it's got a lot of different textures.
David Lowe: And you know we went into the level of detail down to photography and.
David Lowe: sedimentation of the cambrian shraddha here, which is that.
David Lowe: You know, basically it it records.
David Lowe: crystal definitely defamation and reactivation of this part of the St Lawrence drift and and, in this case the Silk rate was was related to migration of food alone fault.
David Lowe: i'm Sorry, I have to put my there we go alright.
David Lowe: So I guess to start off with what does it still create I mean it's still create basically is is any.
David Lowe: Any product near surface solidification and typically it occurs through the precipitation of silica.
David Lowe: of different forms, either in unconsolidated rock or or in weathered bedrock and and there are really two types that are recognized and and the most widely recognized typist pathogenic.
David Lowe: You know that is it still creates formed and soil horizons basically by the the weathering of facilitates and then the you know the.
David Lowe: translocation of fluids downwards over short distances and evaporated concentration of silica it's really well understood.
David Lowe: And you know and it's common on the modern surface in places like Australia, but there's The second type that was recognized, then in the 80s.
David Lowe: This is, after Bruce had done his work and the Potsdam, called the groundwater secrete or alternatively non pathogenic still create, and these are, as they say non pathogenic there layers and lenses of solidified sediment.
David Lowe: You know that that aren't related to soil profile.
David Lowe: And it's interesting and Linda somewhat limited work that's been done on these suggestion is that the silica is really sourced from the same reservoir, that is, the weathering.
David Lowe: syndicates on the surface in their and their movement through the beta so and that's you know meteoric fluids have sort of a limited.
David Lowe: silica silica solubility and it's interesting that you know, having worked in tectonic basins, both in industry and through my academic.
David Lowe: Like a short academic career.
David Lowe: It it seems funny to me that you know you could carry a lot more silica and in a basement o'brien and then just seems interesting but that that was never sort of suggested and so that's what brings us to this Potsdam example now.
David Lowe: The Potsdam group being late cambrian or mid to late cambrian and earliest sort of vision was deposited in the vestige of the St Lawrence drip system and that that basically form during any and protozoa.
David Lowe: As outlined by these decks forms and then later faults.
David Lowe: So I did a lot of work in this area with the Ottawa and beeman the O D and that's part of the Ottawa grabbing which kind of comes up here on the Ottawa river Valley.
David Lowe: And there's a little bit of the actual St Lawrence river that kind of goes down underneath the appalachian base in here and it's not really well.
David Lowe: well understood, but from our sediment illogical and provenance and investigations, including on a Paleo flow and reconstruction of these flu your systems, I mean.
David Lowe: Whether or not these false were active they certainly had been active and had controlled segmentation and you know the debris flows off of these northeast faults down here.
David Lowe: So there is a there's a story of basically fault bounded sedimentation in that area and, moreover, when we looked at the Potsdam group as a whole, and this is sort of already been partly established.
David Lowe: At least in this area down here it's really split into three thin unconformity bound units, or we call them our units, because there are almost completely terrestrial except for the very top unit.
David Lowe: And so, looking at the detailed provenance and strategically instead of ontology well you know what we really came up with as a model where these breaks and sedimentation were.
David Lowe: coinciding with crystal defamation and that cross those information, then control, you know the the sediment dispersal patterns and everything else but but, notably this so create occurs at the top of this second alley unit and.
David Lowe: You know that's sort of probably why it was originally thought to been a pathogenic still create but, as you see it's it's not that simple.
David Lowe: So, in terms of its timing it sort of overlaps with this.
David Lowe: period of reactivation here just just note that the yellow here's the Potsdam distribution were no crops.
David Lowe: So to sort of zoom into that area along the St Lawrence river.
David Lowe: This is kind of 1000 islands region.
David Lowe: So here we're looking at the the distribution and the thickness of the Silk Road so it's really only limited to this area.
David Lowe: And this is the distribution of the different textures, and so what we found from our initial field investigations is that there's very consistent changes in morphology so, for example.
David Lowe: And some places to still create forms nodules and that's only limited to this these exposures and wellesley island just north of the wealthy on the fault.
David Lowe: Whereas, most of the rest of the area, its massive and it becomes bread shaded as you get closer up to these faults So these are the faults that sort of controlled sedimentation and had been active and.
David Lowe: and has had been active since then, as well because there's post Potsdam and ordovician displacement.
David Lowe: But anyway, where this is the thickest and where it's the most well developed also coincides with you know with cheers zones in.
David Lowe: The greenfield So these are basically sort of.
David Lowe: boundaries between different lipo tectonic to means in this part of it, the grenville in the adirondacks.
David Lowe: And if you look at the distribution of the thickness and texture again that seems to be largely controlling these faults so we've got very consistent thickness sort of in this fall block here between the black light bulb and the triple A of a fault.
David Lowe: And it thins in this whole block and then we've only got nodules here and bread she ation as you get closer to overlying the black plague sheer zone so.
David Lowe: You know, from a from a field investigation, we had this idea that Okay, well, we know that we know from our seven mythology that that that these faults are having an influence.
David Lowe: But you know we also see the Silk Road that's truncated you know within the Potsdam itself, so the upper part of the policy and truncated.
David Lowe: You know and it's it really it did some DS does seem to be controlled by faults so we'll get back to that concept, but first let's take a closer look at this so Crete so.
David Lowe: Where its massive, this is what it looks like it's it's kind of on assuming because you've got courts cemented.
David Lowe: Ports era night and court cemented courts air and I obviously this is more blocking my lender integrated.
David Lowe: When you look at it closely and thin section it's a lot of courts grains right a little bit interstitial stuff.
David Lowe: which may be remnants of felts bars, but for the most part it's just courts with big voids filled with optically continuous courts overgrowth.
David Lowe: Compare that to the Jason sandstone there's a lot less sort of preserved integrating or lower volume and more of this fine material, and this is just Basically, this is kale and I, with some absorb iron oxide.
David Lowe: So it looks like this is preserving somewhat of a pre compaction framework okay i'm just going to.
David Lowe: show the the traces of the stratification here and just to note that you know, although it's not as easy to trace there, I mean there's still stratification preserved in here so we've got an early compaction framework preservation of sedimentary strata it really know.
David Lowe: pathogenic features, so you know we're pretty sure if these are probably groundwater so creates.
David Lowe: In the knowledge ruler forms what you see is basically getting increases nodules upwards right and then this forum is basically a rotational surface.
David Lowe: That just forms like these sort of ridges and you ever were on this area but anyway, so you look closely at these nodules and you can see again it's very similar to inside the massive for horizon.
David Lowe: what's interesting is the relationships around the edge of the knowledgeable OK, so the top.
David Lowe: you're seeing a lot of this interstitial material filling a lot of void space so again, this is sort of like a little bit of pre compaction framework but it's it's preserved.
David Lowe: By this interstitial play basically and that's just draping over these sevens nodules at the bottom, you can see, really good evidence of compaction so Overall this is giving us a good idea of the timing.
David Lowe: You know these are pre compaction, but we think you know a lot of this material that's in here, you know, this is the amount that should be there from the breakdown of venue belts bars.
David Lowe: But there's a lot more, and we think this is from alleviation, that is basically through the vevo Sony translocation of.
David Lowe: of fine grained material during weathering erosion and erosion, down to the surface.
David Lowe: And we look at the the branches, as I mentioned, there were some variation as well, and these particularly show up along you know we get close to the black leg fault and the black like sheer.
David Lowe: There are basically two types where there's a sticker massive horizon, there are these conical branches and and the way that therefore well the way that they look anyway, is there sort of a.
David Lowe: sort of a parent fracture that then displays outwards and you've got this conical arrangement of a massive matrix rich spreadsheet.
David Lowe: You know compose a class so here's a class to still create right and it's sitting in a matrix of sand grains that are like angular and broken and disjointed the little bits of courts overgrowth in there and a lot of interstitial really frigid this play.
David Lowe: And we look at you know and then basically there's more of a jigsaw type organization, as you go into the interior of these, and you can see, at the edge of these jigsaws pretty clear truncation surface to suggest yeah Okay, this is post sale cream.
David Lowe: So you know I just kind of I am just sort of trying to figure out how these mechanistic we work, but we think you know this after the sale creates form that there was another fluid maybe that came in sat beneath these relatively impermeable layers.
David Lowe: Maybe built a pressure and maybe they were hot and high pH and that facilitated so dissolution of silica is it sort of branch out and decompress.
David Lowe: Okay, so we did a little bit more detailed photography as well just to basically support the idea that would that be still creates were formed in near surface environments.
David Lowe: Preserving pre compaction frameworks, we did some image analysis.
David Lowe: And you know, are still creature consistently higher around 30% apparent into granular space compared to like just sort of the other sandstone that's around, basically, these are controls and, interestingly, the.
David Lowe: The least underground our spaces, the stuff that's like just below this this later.
David Lowe: And the other thing that we did because we couldn't see anything I mean this is, these are optically continuous so good luck seeing anything and then section.
David Lowe: Even an SEM so we actually ucl and it's worked really, really well because.
David Lowe: You know just in detecting some you know my new impurities or imperfections actually shows us that there are multiple generations here, so our earliest generation being the see one overgrowth cement it's zoned.
David Lowe: Basically sort of a concentric zoning and grain rooming overgrowth and those are common those are present in every sample of both the nozzle and the massive still cream.
David Lowe: there's a bit of a there's an intermediate luminescent cement that's present see 1.5 in some areas but it's not that common and then a later cement see two, which is non luminous and.
David Lowe: And, which we think came probably much later.
David Lowe: Because it's pretty much present everywhere, including outside of the of the so created.
David Lowe: This is from the brechin matrix and see this closer to the screen.
David Lowe: There are over both cements here, this is a see one cement it zone and it looks like it may have been sort of corroded at some point as well.
David Lowe: So, putting this all together into pair genesis.
David Lowe: See one cements look like you know, obviously they're the they're the first to form and, probably, you know, although they didn't fill all the void space helped keep that framework together during subsequent burial.
David Lowe: Where we see you know evidence of compaction and burial and Jason sandstone it seems to have been preserved here let's see one cement.
David Lowe: See 1.5 not really sure exactly the timing relative differentiation we haven't had any examples where see 1.5 is actually truncated by the beretta so we're not sure.
David Lowe: And then later alleviation, so this is where this fine material then came down like, as this is being eroded down to the so crease you know, basically, this is just plays and stuff you know, probably from a Jason base and that just got onto the floodplain and then percolated downwards.
David Lowe: Then, that was buried and see to you know, although we don't have any direct evidence, but we think, because this is present everywhere it's probably a later precious solution cement it's pure and it basically later infiltrated to be still creates and filled in the remaining space.
David Lowe: So, to bring this all together now and to come back to this idea that we had in the field, about the false having some control on the migration of fluids that created the silkscreen.
David Lowe: We tested this as directly as we could and luckily, there were nice to phase food inclusions within the sequence of events so here's some nice little two phase inclusions.
David Lowe: We heated we cool them down, and then we heated them up and what we came up with was the was the salinity of about 25 to 38%.
David Lowe: sodium chloride equivalent and temperatures between 131 60 degrees Celsius, so this is not meeting or fluid is.
David Lowe: As we sort of had suspected a hotter more sailing and fluid and you know because there's no sedimentary pile beneath us at some point.
David Lowe: You have to be and they're not hot enough to be made matter project thermal probably so So these are probably crystal brian's that you know just fluids ahead equilibrated with with rental basement and we're mobilized back up to the surface.
David Lowe: So, given that this is our favorite still create model for here, you know, so this is a cross section across these faults and across the sheer zone, and this is the black leg sheer zone here.
David Lowe: it's just sort of colored in this darker color within the greenville, and so we think that you know sometime either late within or during our unit to sedimentation we had these fluids migrate up along these faults and you know, probably these faults for activated or reactivated.
David Lowe: That was followed by a second pulse with the see 1.5 segments, as well as ongoing alleviation.
David Lowe: And then just more alleviation and some bread she ation happening again the spreadsheet is probably spurred on by by by stress from from from promotions on results and perhaps more fluids migrating up as well.
David Lowe: And then, this is falling, finally, followed by erosion and erosion, down to the Silk Road you can notice one thing that's cool across.
David Lowe: The front and back archie is that this is the place where the Potsdam is actually preserved and that's because the Silk Road is there, I think it's just work to preserve it, and that was then very by marine strata and subsequent see to sedimentation or segmentation.
David Lowe: yeah so that's it I see i'm mostly sort of on track for time, so any questions.
James Ebert: it's great David thanks, we have time for perhaps one question and, if you would stop sharing your screen David, we can get the next speaker ready sure.
Sean Cornell (he/his/him): It Jim I I put my question and then, but I can ask it orally as well.
James Ebert: Go ahead john.
Sean Cornell (he/his/him): awesome well I just was wondering on David on the front neck ours, in particular, when I was working on my master's degree I mapped in the black river and trenton carbonates on both sides.
Sean Cornell (he/his/him): There, but i'm wondering, to what extent you think that may be some of those fluids migrated when those fault systems are reactivated during the early phases of the two car garage me I didn't know if you had any insights on that.
David Lowe: yeah I mean there's a pretty clear relationship that still create at least the original.
David Lowe: Still, create was truncated by the upper Potsdam, which you know, has some age to possible age constraints, so we know that that's probably happening around that time but yeah I mean like the this the second the intermediate phase very well could be.
David Lowe: You know there's no reason to suggest that this is a, this is a part of the world that just seems to have been tempered, you know reactivated over and over again, particularly.
David Lowe: Particularly during the economy so yeah I mean, I would say, there were probably reactivation of these faults and i'm not sure when the Northeast structures, then sort of give way to the to the arch itself but.
David Lowe: i'm not that familiar with the taconic Unfortunately, at least in this area.
James Ebert: Thanks David Alex if you could start sharing your screen.
Okay.
James Ebert: Our next speaker is my co convener Alex Bartholomew and he's going to be sharing revision and correlation of uppermost salary and strata in northeastern New Jersey and southeastern New York it's all yours Alex.
Alex: Okay, thanks everybody can see my screen.
James Ebert: yeah it looks good.
Alex: Okay, good good Okay, thank you, yes i'm excited today to talk about this, this is some work i've been doing with students over.
Alex: A couple of years and get the point where I think i've got it pretty well nailed down, and so the what this all started from was an investigation.
Alex: of looking at the timing of funnel turnover within the swearing and devonian of the appalachian basin and a lot of work has been done, looking at the stability within the various are called he subunits evolutionary ecological subunits.
Alex: Coordinated status of Carl Breton Gordon Baird.
Alex: And, but more work kind of needed to be done, looking at the intervals of turnover within these events so that necessity necessitated.
Alex: Some more detailed strata graphic investigations of the boundary intervals between the stable time blocks.
Alex: and looking at this, one of the questions I had was specifically where does the base of the Bilderberg fauna begin kind of at the bottom of the devonian pile of these he said units.
Alex: And so I think, ultimately, the answer that i've come up with is that it starts in the upper main list, which is the green veteran Member, as defined by Jim ever and.
Alex: I think that correlates with the our local kind of version of the global clunk bio event which would be right about the slurring devonian boundaries that's my opinion, I think.
Alex: Jim I think basically agrees with that, but in his as well, but so in looking at the details of this trigger fee.
Alex: I also really kind of started looking at the lower part of the main list, and then the round out and units below because it takes students have to see these in.
Alex: The Hudson valley here, where I teach at suny new paltz so I guess take some students who got me out with this Chris and Mike zach and Marty.
Alex: And then some folks that i've worked with had a lot of good conversations with Jim and check for stratton and Jerry clock pat gloss lip curl Brett cross dock with help on some top rates and corals and landowner Gordon chap who was very helpful Nice.
Alex: So we're looking at the structure of this interval we're looking at kind of the top of the saurian into the lower part of the devonian.
Alex: And i'm kind of in this region down here in the in the Hudson valley and the units that i'm i've taken students out to look at and investigated are the Sean gum up through the hell divert group.
Alex: And one big question, though, is kind of we don't have a lot of great fondness in in this interval under the hell debris group, so there is pretty good fun over here in.
Alex: West central New York state, although it's not that great because it's a lot of evaporated faces, but there are some intervals, with some open real fondness.
Alex: And so I was trying to can I can I correlate between these two areas so that's kind of where it all came in.
Alex: And so, looking at our study region we go from port service down here in the tri state region right around the junction between New York New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Alex: up along the outcrop belt to kingston bit of a bend in the outcrop belt and then North up to South Bethlehem and then it kind of turns around into the roughly east, west outcrop belt of slurring and devonian on the South side of the mohawk valley and the Bilderberg escarpment.
Alex: So i'm going to run through this and looking down at the bottom and starting in the south.
Alex: Most of the strata graphic work that has been done down here was done in the 60s through the 90s by Epstein and others.
Alex: And they defined a thick package of shawn gum formation, which is a saurian poorly dated.
Alex: Courts pebble conglomerate and court sandstone very thick does have some tongues have read beds come in from the Bloomberg.
Alex: And there are some black shale beds that are in here as well, this is then overlaying by an interval which is called the pocono island formation.
Alex: From port service up to around Ellen villar per hunks and about midway little more than would midway up to kingston New York and then north of there that that upper interval.
Alex: Between the Sean GM and around out is divided into some other units, the high falls, if any, water and then this will worsen limestone is only known from the Delaware aqueduct with the New York City water supplies never exposed anywhere.
Alex: So I started looking at this photography of this interval and ultimately kind of came to the idea that these units that we call formations here down in.
Alex: The kingston accurate high falls area really are just extensions kind of have this pocono island stratigraphy, and so I suggest that we make these into members of the pocono island formation.
Alex: So the pocono island is kind of a undivided mass of inner bedded reddish green.
Alex: mud stone some sandy dollar stones, which are kind of Green weathering and some buff weathering dollar stones in there as well, not very well understood between port service and Allendale because there's not a lot of exposure.
Alex: Now, at high false, which is the type section of the high false i'm going to call Member probably will sit back and say formation as well.
Alex: The high falls is kind of subdivided into a tripartite division of a lower part which is inner bedded red and green milestones and Upper part again inhibited red and green buff milestones.
Alex: And then these middle section which are called a powerhouse beds by record in the 1960s, which are nice eliminated those stones and limestone.
Alex: The contact at the base of this unit can be seen over until said about five kilometers to the east and a little bit North and it's pretty great day shuttle with the base of the with the top of the shotgun formation, the top of the show and GM is rather dirty and there are some reworked.
Alex: pebbles have shown gum that are in the base of the.
Alex: High false the lower and upper part of the high paul's are pretty much the same with a logically kind of Nice inner bedded reading green mud stones blocky weathering.
Alex: And with some thin curious units in there, the middle part our these Nice.
Alex: dollar stones and laminated limestone beds, they have some nice prismatic mud cracks and very fine scale centimeter millimeter eliminations in here.
Alex: Now over at Tilson just five kilometers away this whole Middle part is gone, though, and it's represented by some cow curious nodules.
Alex: So there's a lot of really pretty short geographic faces changes that occur throughout this interval.
Alex: That can be seen again up in the unit above that, which is the benny water Member now of the pocono island formation is i'm calling it.
Alex: up around benny water and Tilson, this is a nice courts sandstone pretty well sorted has some nice cross beds some nice ripples but as we go down to high falls again just five kilometers away.
Alex: It is about 5050 court sandstone and inner bedded are julissa stole stones and so a very kind of rapid feces changed from a more beach like environment to probably I think a more.
Alex: Title flat like environment and back at vidyo otter Tilson in the upper parts, there are some corals and stromatolites which have been found.
Alex: But nothing has been found in the way of phone at down here at high falls, and then, if we move down to accord, which is about five or 10 kilometers kind of Southwest alone we outcrop belt from high falls.
Alex: This interval of court sandstone has completely shifted over to our delicious dole stones.
Alex: And I propose that we revived the name awkward as a Member here, this was defined by Fisher and 59 and a slurry and shirt for the dollar stones exposed here.
Alex: Is unit is generally poorly exposed but there's a couple meters of outcrop and then some spotty outcrops around.
Alex: And what has become of the water is well to get to that second here's some.
Alex: Details a district bigger, for you have some nice inner classic quadratic beds wavy eliminations and mud crack so again nice really probably title flat title environments, the last little bit of court sandstone that we see is here in the base of the rhonda information as some.
Alex: calculus and courts cross bedded stuff for about 30 centimeters so very rapid faces changes here, and I think these are.
Alex: probably best kind of lumped in as Members of this overall pocono island formation between the Sean GM and the Roundup now to look at the RON doubt it starts off at the base with a.
Alex: Pretty open water marine good well sorted.
Alex: coarse grained curious beds, called the wilbur Member these have a nice open water fauna good bracket pods which i'll come back to in a minute and a lot of corals and then this is overlaying by kind of a try parties to your feet of.
Alex: The rosedale Glasgow and white port on the rosen Dale and the white port are at the summit beds, which have been known for well over almost two centuries as.
Alex: waterlines very good.
Alex: Perfect amount of magnesium calcium and iron to make natural cement is remind extensively and the area between kingston and rosedale down towards high falls.
Alex: That and they represent title fly deposits nice laminate dole stones the white part has a lot of Nice mode cracks the Glasgow in the middle, is a return to open water conditions with probably Laguna to.
Alex: bias drone faces very good trauma top roads and corals in this interval with some bracket podcast as well.
Alex: Next I started looking at this particular up in the manliness formation, but so this would be my revisions between port service.
Alex: cut back ville accurate accurate high falls out the kinks so kind of going from port service to kingston.
Alex: In this interval what I think is you have pocono island which can be kind of further subdivided here.
Alex: into these various Members and then unconformity opens up under that which is our to comic con conformity between the upper swearing and the.
Alex: upper ordovician, so I would suggest that these units become members of this pocono island formation extend that term up towards kingston where these units are are visible under the sun inside of this unconformity which extends to the north.
Alex: So, looking at the manliness the manliness was.
Alex: revised in the 1960s by Richard he recognized that the eastern man least in the western mainly along the mohawk valley very different.
Alex: And that they define the fat remember around central park as being older than the only and he noted that the base of the unit was gravitational with underlining Dominique round out below.
Alex: So these are the class exposures at the Indian latter latter part of course, a lot of great work has been done on this by ever and his students.
Alex: In the 90s and 2000s here and we'll sit in 2010 wrote a really great detailed thesis on the mainland information from skinny atlas falls over towards scary valley area and Lloyd in 2005 investigated the round out manley's contact in central New York.
Alex: And identified and then define this mind lot falls unconformity at the base of the manliness here.
Alex: indicates a burial exposure and reworking it from the West, at least over to cherry Valley, if not further east with recreation and reworking of eliminated class and kind of cryptic gaming soil horizons.
Alex: Probably within the the top most part of the round out there, so pretty good unconformity but in the Hudson valley we've got what I think is probably more near conformal succession.
Alex: So this started me looking at these currently beds, we call them at the base of the manley's formation in the in the Hudson valley is kind of classically defined.
Alex: Some of these beds were included in the round out of previous workers, but if we look at what's up in central park.
Alex: These beds were included in the base of the stature by record, so they are mainly by the most recent kind of definition, at least in New York.
Alex: And so, then there's this interval above that which has some fossella first beds and then back to some laminated mud cracked dollar stones, so these curly beds at the absolute base of the manliness are nice.
Alex: Are delicious dual Lou types of fine grained gallstones and kind of papery black shells when they're whether they're usually very contorted it's a major de como slip surface in the Hudson valley and for problem one problem is it down.
Alex: For Jersey New Jersey Epstein in 1967 define the as as being in the upper part of the rondo formation as defined as a shipper Kang Member name for an island.
Alex: In the Delaware river there so uh these again he defined them as exhibiting curly betting these fine grained cal curious.
Alex: dark medium are delicious limestone whether whether kind of yellowish Gray generally mud crack, these are the curly beds in the in the Hudson valley so started looking at this graphic interval.
Alex: And down in port jarvis exposures in some of the inquiries and chops out crap you can see very nice very, very thinly bedded laminated are delicious dollar stones and some more curious beds.
Alex: going up towards kingston it's there again with this upper interval called the often BERT, which can kind of be split off into this.
Alex: tripartite like perdition beds prismatic weathering which are mud cracks and then what are called traditionally the mud crack beds.
Alex: These leper edition beds have ostracods I think they're now called her millennia, or something like that pretty sizable big ostracods.
Alex: millimeter two centimeter scale and then going North up towards catskill submitting this is very well exposed.
Alex: near some quarries there, and you can see the incredible weather have this upper yapping bird with these.
Alex: mode cracks and the ship account here is very thick overtaken by thrust vaulting it's usually I think about 30 centimeter stick where it's not thrust faulted in the Hudson Valley, maybe a little bit more, but in this case it's over I think two meters.
Alex: Then going up to Leeds and the classic exposure of the anger unconformity.
Alex: Here at the lower round out is or the round out is the quarry hill member of.
Alex: harper and then the ship a con is thrust zone, and then the often bird can be defined it out again.
Alex: up towards self Bethlehem I don't have a picture of this outcrop but harper did note that the curly beds are present and.
Alex: kind of these up the yapa Berg interval could be divided out there and then at Thatcher park at the Indian ladder, again, I think that I can see this mission pecan interval here, as this really.
Alex: Are delicious shale you don't stone really dark kind of sooty almost and then the yapa Berg interval above that going up into the sort of I think was mainline Thatcher with the more bluish ribbon limestone is kind of clink rack if you if you hit a very well sorted fine grained mix.
Alex: So, how does this all play out ultimately what I think.
Alex: to revise this part is take this mission pecan name out of the round out in New Jersey apply it in the Hudson valley from or well from port service up to the clouds valley kingston and then up to that your park.
Alex: And then, especially in kind of the rideout creek valley this yup and Bergen evoke can be pretty well defined all the way up towards catskill.
Alex: it's not as easily to differentiate the inner workings of it up around stature and there's not that great exposure.
Alex: Down around port service, but I think it's still definable so, how does this all play out ultimately.
Alex: Well, and what happens to the West, I think this interval of Michigan county yapa Berg is missing, once you get west of metropark can't quite figure it out where it's totally gone, but that mine lot falls unconformity kind of opens out I think and.
Alex: it's missing there, the one really good thing we have to quarterly across the state and down into New Jersey and Pennsylvania, is this rocky pod a central Costa, which is in the lower round out and it's down in.
Alex: units in New Jersey in the Decker ferry and it's in the coble skill, all the way out towards Central New York.
Alex: there's also a European that down in the Sean GM and the black shells and probably also in the Pittsburgh.
Alex: Everything else in the middle can try and do it with some sea level interpretations, but these would be kind of my revisions for this interval and hopefully this can help.
Alex: To understand what's going on in this area and there's a lot of neat faces changes that take place in the Hudson valley and down towards port service so i'll end it there, thanks.
James Ebert: It thanks Alex um we have less than a minute for questions so if you had our questions for Alex would you put them in the chat box that's in the program rather than in the zoom chat and Alex I think you're going to introduce our next speaker.
Alex: Yes, yes, I am.
Alex: So next.
Alex: Is see here.
Alex: caitlin Larson with a and others with a correlation of synthetic gamma Ray profiles from outcrops of the new Scotland formation held a bird group black coven at cherry valley and scary New York.
Caitlyn Larsen: Thank you Alex Let me share my screen.
Caitlyn Larsen: Whenever you're ready.
Paul Wais: Alright, welcome everybody, thank you for coming to our presentation we've been anxiously awaiting this for well over a year, this was a project that was completed as a class in the suny oneonta geology department in the fall of 2019.
Paul Wais: believe the abstract, is included in your handout if you want to look over it.
Caitlyn Larsen: So guess if you couldn't already tell us we're focusing on the Bilderberg Group, as it appears in central New York between cherry valley and near scopes go Harry.
Caitlyn Larsen: helter Berg group depending on where you're looking at it can be anywhere between 60 meters to 90 meters of limestone sets cabinets, there are some shelley carbonates there's a little bit of solicit plastic input that we're able to see in the field end and then sections.
Caitlyn Larsen: And this is President other parts of the Northeast as well.
Paul Wais: Some.
Caitlyn Larsen: It goes into New Jersey at some some point but we're focusing on the new Scotland formation within this.
Caitlyn Larsen: These were deposited diaspora, and especially in the early two middle devonian over in Figure three, you can see that this is part of the greater appalachian basin, you know.
Caitlyn Larsen: The pirate Bilderberg see and these these were deposited during the closing of the appalachian basin.
Caitlyn Larsen: As part of the acadian rajini so during this Raj me there was a lot of volcanic activity happening as well, and so, subsequently, there were a lot of air fall ashes, that you can see throughout the calc Berg into the new Scotland.
Caitlyn Larsen: And one of the most notable ones is the jets falls bentonite, and these are all these are these are great because they're all the same age, you know each phase, the same age so they're really helpful in.
Caitlyn Larsen: Understanding the the depth the deposition a lot timescale, Sir, and the surrounding strata.
Caitlyn Larsen: You probably know you know, Jim every Professor has been working on this sort of topic for decades with his students, a lot of the focus has been on trying to figure out the deposition all environments, have you know, the right to sedimentation but another real.
Caitlyn Larsen: focus is on the ash beds.
Caitlyn Larsen: There have been multiple publications putting forward ages radio metric ages using zircons.
Caitlyn Larsen: They looking at the fossils of surrounding fossils to kind of put some some constraint on the ages of these ash beds and the surrounding strata and also.
Caitlyn Larsen: Some models, such as using carbon isotopes and excursions to kind of model, the the possible ages and all of these efforts have been towards.
Caitlyn Larsen: Our collective understanding of where the solution devonian boundary falls in New York state how it, how it appears here it's moved around a lot in the past past like 1010 years a lot of you know contributions and contradictions and hopefully this paper kind of as another one of those.
Paul Wais: All right, Dr the first crop that we spent a lot of time that was on a cherry valley right on route 20 so visible and figure six here.
Paul Wais: We had to bounce off of the you know the different sides of the road to make sure that we got to continuous section that we are measuring, but it was a little bit shorter and.
Paul Wais: On the I 88 outcrop visible and figures seven so much bigger stretch, we were able to get all the way up.
Paul Wais: There was an appearance of the big craft formation towards the top of the new Scotland formation at IDA.
Paul Wais: But the calc Berg appears at the base of cherry valley and IDA and the top, the end of our survey section was marked by the wall bridge on conformity a truncated the hell to burn unit, with the risk any sandstone belonging to a different group at the very top of the outcrops.
Paul Wais: So our methods.
Paul Wais: We measured half meter intervals throughout the entire subsection until we reached the rescue day.
Paul Wais: We use the gamma Ray spectrometer they can see figure eight there we did a three minute scan parallel into the rock bedding and then these gave us back some concentration of radioactive isotopes that we will explain to the next slide here.
Caitlyn Larsen: We also recorded the last ology on you know, not just at every half meter we were taking measurements to as as small as like a third of a meter to try to make try to graphic columns that we did correlate with the the gamma.
Caitlyn Larsen: photometer data, so the gamma Ray spectrometer returns three measurements, and these are concentrations of radioactive isotopes.
Caitlyn Larsen: In potassium uranium and three and putting these three together using their atomic weights.
Caitlyn Larsen: We were able to calculate the gamma signature in API units and plotting that with the height at each at each place that we took a measurement we get this synthetic gamma Ray log or a gamma curve and we did line this up with the.
Caitlyn Larsen: The art of descriptions of mythology and the strat columns that we made with those.
Caitlyn Larsen: here's our first one, this is our strategy graphic column and corresponding gamma curve for cherry Valley, as you can see, there are a lot of Spikes as lots of shapes going on.
Caitlyn Larsen: Most notably, the biggest spike at around three meters was the judge falls bed tonight and seeing it over here and figure 14, it is a very.
Caitlyn Larsen: thick bed it's very resistant very weathered back you can put your hands in it and it's it's powdery so we were able to get a really good reading on that and that is that that's a great spike it was a was a great exposure of the ash bed.
Paul Wais: So here's our synthetic gamma log and corresponding strata graph column for the ID eight section we zoomed in a little bit So you can see, the area where we did the majority of our correlations.
Paul Wais: And then the finer details of the strata graphic column, we included a real photo to articulate some of the.
Paul Wais: The mapping units that we use here.
Caitlyn Larsen: matched up these two curves mainly by their shape I say we went by the curves rather than living with with ology because you can see there's a little bit of a disparity between the two strap columns.
Caitlyn Larsen: there's a little bit missing at cherry Valley, but everyone's everyone's first is a little bit off the second one's always better, but the curves for the most part they do match up pretty nicely by their shape and looking at these.
Caitlyn Larsen: Spikes that's the main way that we match them up those are suspected or known ash beds, one of the known ones so two is the jets falls bed tonight.
Caitlyn Larsen: and the rest of them, we were suspected ash beds so Those are our seven distinct Spikes we found them, we were able to line them up, for the most part to ash beds in our strat column so.
Caitlyn Larsen: We can we can determine from this that there are much higher levels of radioactive isotopes in these volcanic ash beds.
Paul Wais: So just to brush up with some of the previous works there's been a lot of states that have been yielded from the judge falls bentonite.
Paul Wais: mcadams and who's on at all, and the figure from Busan atolls paper is pictured here.
Paul Wais: Is correlation between each one dash one and H2 dash for.
Paul Wais: They interpreted to be a different appearance of the same time for bed, based on the similar radio metric ages that reveal did for these two locations.
Paul Wais: Based on some of our gamma Ray spectrometry of, we believe that there may be struggling to graphically lower ashes present at cherry Valley, which could.
Paul Wais: allow us to rework some of these interpretations and that's why our correlations differ from the ones presented from pusan at all yeah.
Caitlyn Larsen: So, because they might be two different beds, according to our our lineup of the gamma curves we do believe that H one dash one corresponds to our s to an age to dash for to our best seven.
Caitlyn Larsen: As explained more over here, but these looking at the ages it's understandable why they were presumed to be the same ash bed, they are very similar in age, but the error margin is large enough.
Caitlyn Larsen: Perfectly probable that these could be two different ash beds, where there is an average of six meters of difference between the two outcrops that we looked at.
Caitlyn Larsen: This This correlation assuming that they are the same bed, you can see, and figure 28 over here, this would mean that these two.
Caitlyn Larsen: largest Spikes are together and they're lined up.
Caitlyn Larsen: But that doesn't really match up with the rest of the shape of the gamma curve down here, though this is our correlation, and this is showing that you know the two largest Spikes are not the same ash bed, but the rest of the shapes do match up pretty well.
Caitlyn Larsen: Now kind of putting aside the the assumption that they are the same bed, it does raise some some implications for how.
Caitlyn Larsen: You know how this alerting devonian boundary has been perceived in later publications that were referencing.
Caitlyn Larsen: This paper by Houston and others.
Paul Wais: So.
Paul Wais: I will just point out that there is a little bit of a disparity between the Spikes at the different outcrops and this could be attributed to the bed thickness.
Paul Wais: there's an illustration here and figure that shows how imperfect.
Paul Wais: gamma Ray spectrometer reading maybe if it's very thin better if it's not perfectly parallel to the ash bat, so there may be a little bit of.
Paul Wais: lag or discrepancies in data we recorded, there are significant differences between as to as it is a cherry valley an s seven as it is IDA.
Paul Wais: they're not necessarily the same radio metrics signatures, but we were able to identify what appeared like a small scale cycles, about two to eight meters in thickness, and these are typically.
Paul Wais: categorized by high radioactivity often abrupt followed by a gradual decrease in radioactivity, which we thought represented an onset of dyslexia, and then a gradual increase in oxygenation as the radioactivity decreased.
Paul Wais: So gamma concentration, one of the major disparities between the two outcrops that we found is that cherry valley had a higher average API concentration same as to true for thorium uranium.
Paul Wais: K values, and this was on the order of about 10 which, according to mclennan and taylor's it could be attributed to the proximity to the source of the solace plastic sediments being input into the basin.
Caitlyn Larsen: mainly the difference is not due to potassium because you can see over here it's pretty much the same between the two outcrops so the real culprit is the uranium.
And thorium.
Caitlyn Larsen: contributing to the the difference in API.
Caitlyn Larsen: And conclusion we were able to point out, seven potential ash beds, which does include the jugs false bentonite unknown ash bed.
Caitlyn Larsen: And now that we have their gamma signatures, it does bring up some some possible later projects involving going to more outcrops and taking them a signatures there and.
Caitlyn Larsen: Paul has a presentation, a little bit later in this session that does do that at another outcrop in New York state.
Caitlyn Larsen: So again, the ages that were determined by Houston and others, although those may be correct, they they are not the same bed, so their interpretation as being the same bed does you know.
Caitlyn Larsen: It does have some some implications, when it comes to this learn about it and boundary and how we have been perceiving it since that publication.
Caitlyn Larsen: On average cherry valley being more radioactive will have a higher uranium and thorium content does suggest that it could be higher up on the continental shelf than previously thought, well then, I 88.
Caitlyn Larsen: And again, these cycles in radioactivity, they could be small scale you static cycles that are relating to.
Caitlyn Larsen: The oxygenate the oxygenation levels in the basin at the time, so a lot of these, there is a lot more work that can be done.
Caitlyn Larsen: Focusing on the radioactive.
Caitlyn Larsen: The gamma curves I think it would be a good venture to kind of take more measurements and more readings at different outcrops and take more more age, dates of different ash beds.
Caitlyn Larsen: Some of the ones that we.
Caitlyn Larsen: identified as potential ash beds and kind of try to match them up between these different outcrops and line them up using gamma curves.
Caitlyn Larsen: And that just about wraps it up, thank you, everybody for for listening in.
James Ebert: Well, thank you hey Paul, we do have several minutes for questions so if anyone has questions you can either put them in the chat or I think there are few enough of us that you could open your MIC and ask the question directly.
Alex: Sure, I have a question.
Alex: um you.
Alex: Saying that the the cherry values outcrop is likely closer to the original source.
Alex: i'm assuming that you think that would be the.
Alex: CRATE tonic terminus source, because I know that if you had eastward over towards.
Alex: The big craft mountain outlier and then the new Scotland over there it's almost sometimes classified as as.
Alex: Having very high court's content and almost some of the quarry worker see it as a sandstone, but I think that i'm going to guess that's coming in from the mountain belt, then.
Caitlyn Larsen: We do, I was just looking at paul's presentation for later in the session and that is brought up there as well, looking at the placements of these outcrops and he was studying the Jefferson heights outcrop.
Caitlyn Larsen: A little bit further east in New York state which has a much higher solicit plastic content than at IDA or cherry valley cherry valleys higher slow fire fast again put may be from the Western landmass.
Caitlyn Larsen: Whereas in Jefferson high to could be from the eastern landmass than the whole closing in within the basin.
Thank you, Joe.
Charles Ver Straeten: This is chuck I have something to bring up relative to the talk about where the Western sources Eastern sources were.
Charles Ver Straeten: At during hildebrandt group time the real 40 the deep portion of the basin was way out in New England at that time and a lot of those rocks were deeply metamorphosed and formed and even pushed up into the.
Top.
Charles Ver Straeten: But so you New York in the Bilderberg Group is like in the backbone basin of the cells and Giles 1996 model so um that's a perspective to have there's tremendous volume of held a birdcage metamorphic rocks.
Caitlyn Larsen: What was that.
Caitlyn Larsen: That publication that you just mentioned i'm going to jot that down.
Charles Ver Straeten: yeah this sells capital D and then capital C E ll E, F and child GI las or.
Caitlyn Larsen: Sex yeah all right, I will look into that, thank you for bringing it up.
you're.
James Ebert: right we do still have some time for questions.
Sean Cornell (he/his/him): I was just going to ask really quickly if you could tell me the name of the instrument that you guys are using for your gamma Ray.
Paul Wais: I believe I do have that attached to it, one of my slides here if you don't mind me going through it, because I know that there were a couple different models.
Paul Wais: yeah I believe we use this probe Vb.
Paul Wais: biggio it's about.
Paul Wais: Three inch by three inch.
James Ebert: And i'm Sean it's a gamma surveyor very out that has different detectors available that you can attach to it.
Caitlyn Larsen: is pretty heavy it's a nice thing to hold for three minutes.
Thank you.
Alex: yeah we use one of those Sean once remember that.
Sean Cornell (he/his/him): yeah that's what I was wondering with.
Sean Cornell (he/his/him): His dad yeah I think yeah those things are pretty neat.
Alex: i've seen some of that.
Alex: Lower devonian up in maine.
Alex: Where man, it is thick like kilometers thick of solicit classics but you know it's got some of the scene same phone as macro macro plan and and and things like that, but co did a lot of stuff on that up and mean.
Caitlyn Larsen: I did take some notes on some of the fauna that were in there, but we didn't have we didn't really have the time to really go into it, I know that there have been.
Caitlyn Larsen: Earlier papers that Jim did work on where the focus was on fossil content, how to dance, but we didn't really get into that in this and leading I get to like a thin sections, either we didn't have.
Caitlyn Larsen: We we really wanted to do things sections to really measure the get a good sense of the course content, but we only had fun sections just for cherry Valley, so it seemed it seemed out of place to include it when we didn't happen for it might.
Caitlyn Larsen: be a project for you know.
Caitlyn Larsen: Future students in the department, but for now we we weren't able to really talk about it in this presentation.
Alex: Oh that's good to have what to do next so.
Caitlyn Larsen: There is no shortage of things to do to do next.
Alex: Sure sure.
Charles Ver Straeten: For sure.
Alex: yeah yes good good I liked it very good, should we get going.
James Ebert: yeah I think we can go ahead Alex sure.
Alex: So, as the title side suggest here continuing on with this project.
Alex: We have pawleys who's going to talk about select sick like input solicit classic settlements in new Scotland formation revealed by gamma Ray spectrometry I guess he's going to talk about some more Eastern examples.
Paul Wais: Sure, thank you for coming everybody, this is very much a part two of the presentation that we just gave you can my name is Paul and I conducted this research in these summer fall winter of 2020 here.
Paul Wais: This is just a basic depiction of the survey site I started at this 25 meter marker from another researcher So this was my arbitrary zero, and then I moved up through about 40 meters of the upper new Scott information that you can see right here.
Paul Wais: So it's primarily a limestone carbonate sequence that's been deposited in this subtitle ramp style environment i've got the.
Paul Wais: The age date logged on to show you the position I have a little bit of the big craft formation appearing at this with a very large section of the calc Berg beneath.
Paul Wais: If you can see my mouse.
Paul Wais: The IDA section which I use for a good chunk of this research for direct correlation to spout here the Jefferson heights section is down here by catskill a little bit further down in this miss arch.
Paul Wais: But there was also a hypothesis about punctuated aggregation of cycles, this was presented by side, these are typically carbonite terabytes within Tara genius black shale and they're recognized by an abrupt facey shift, which is thought to be produced by a rapid rise of base level.
Paul Wais: and
Paul Wais: Another good chunk of the work is a lot by Dr Jim effort and by large net all in the presentation that we we just gave you here.
Paul Wais: So my methods are very similar from the most recent presentation so we'll try to breeze through it, I use the half meter intervals from my arbitrary zero recording mythology at in between.
Paul Wais: And then I use the gamma Ray spectrometer closest model I pictured here for a three minute scan.
Paul Wais: Parallel to the bed service into district to griffey This gave me back concentrations of thorium and uranium in parts per million, as well as the percentage of K now is able to.
Paul Wais: consolidate these into an API profile, which is the cumulative radioactive way of the isotopes measured.
Paul Wais: I also assembled some story of divided by uranium and Tory him divided by cave ratios for a little bit more specific indicators that I could correlate and juxtaposed.
Paul Wais: With my API profile and I was also looking for indicators of these potential potential for ash beds.
Paul Wais: Since there were none within the previous research that I was able to identify and there were some constraints.
Paul Wais: Within a gamma Ray interpretations since Sam stones and carbonates have very similar deflections on the gamma Ray log gamma rays were really useful for me in determining what maybe a shale from a non shale, since the shells typically have that high concentration of radioactivity.
Paul Wais: So I use dunham's classification, to show some of the subtle variation in mythology from the predominant shelley limestone that's characteristic to the new Scotland formation and.
Paul Wais: Some of the paleontological evidence I have here, there is a picture down here, which shows the Left tena rumble Dallas a brand new pod characteristic of the new Scotland formation, which just kind of reaffirmed that I was in the right section.
Paul Wais: We also have some secondary mineralization of calcite with riddled with slick in lines predominantly one direction of movement oops.
Paul Wais: With some secondary and tertiary directions that are not visible in the photograph of also pictured some of what i've considered the pack stone units, which are very consolidated areas of disarticulated bracket pods gastropods shows or festo right so once.
Paul Wais: And there were a couple of very weathered back areas within some of the major limestone blocks.
Paul Wais: Those areas typically had the secondary mineralization outside on top of it, so these were some of the characteristics that I looked for when I was looking for potential test for ash beds.
Paul Wais: and on my strata graphic calm, I have highlighted here what were the indicators, and that is also based on the high radiation or API result that I got back from it.
Paul Wais: Now i'll talk about the structural orientation, it is different from the idea subsection tilted about 20 degrees.
Paul Wais: made it easily walkable but there may be a little bit of distortion due to some of the post oppositional tectonic processes that were altering the formation.
Paul Wais: I pictured the 27.5 meter mark here, because this is where I had my highest spike in trading your activity on the synthetic gamma log and you can see that some of the details I mentioned these measurable gaps, along with the other.
Paul Wais: Other processes associated.
Paul Wais: These were found at a lot of the different areas with a high a big spike.
Paul Wais: But it's my first figure with the thorium uranium ratios and I primarily use them as a proxy for determining environmental oxidation or reduction.
Paul Wais: Conditions so ratios below to which i'm trying to outline here indicate that the Environment was relatively anoxic so as we can see from this chart at the Jefferson to heights location in this new Scotland formation, it was primarily.
Paul Wais: oxygen rich and there were brief excursions into this anoxic condition, some of the line Sarah just to show that they are at the same strength graph kite.
Paul Wais: i've also included the thorium divided by K ratios, which can be used to determine very small scale changes in the clay mineral assemblages themselves.
Paul Wais: Basically, if it's containing higher ratio of thorium.
Paul Wais: This would be attributed to appetite insert con Presidents that were more K rich compared to the thorium then it may be some type of file, so the guitar tech to silicate clock tonight Mike.
Paul Wais: felt sparse.
Paul Wais: So this is where it got interesting, even though the graphs have different numerical values and shapes I was able to distinguish certain cyclical trends.
Paul Wais: kind of categorized by higher lows and higher highs and then going down to the same lower highs and higher lows.
Paul Wais: In these cyclical trends, I could see in each curve, as well as the API curve.
Paul Wais: And i'll explain exactly what the cycles mean.
Paul Wais: So, again with the high radioactivity, I was able to distinguish about three and a half full cycles of increasing gamma radiation.
Paul Wais: followed by either abrupt or graduate decreases in radiation associated with it, increase in oxygenation and then these brief periods of an oxy when it kind of skyrockets.
Paul Wais: There were.
Paul Wais: There is my estimated data horizon my line of correlation I didn't correlate to largest Spikes.
Paul Wais: I correlated these two because of their sequence within the cyclical trends that I observed that both locations.
Paul Wais: So i've kind of explained how the Jefferson heights log compares to the new Scotland at 88 but over the the average API differences that i've seen compared to it and cherry valley Jefferson the heights crop had about 20 API points greater than the IDA.
Paul Wais: Crop and 10 points greater than the cherry valley location and looking down at this Paleo geographic map, you can see some of the potential sources.
Paul Wais: Because the volcanic belt some of the early devonian flush basins and mixed carbon and solace classic belts.
Paul Wais: So, because Jefferson heights had a greater concentration then IDA, which is in the middle of this base in here, but only slightly larger than cherry valley I interpreted that there may be in a katie and source for the solace a classic sediments coming into the base and at this time.
Paul Wais: And again using the thorium to uranium ratios, I was able to interpret the environmental conditions at those specific areas to kind of whittle down that it was this increase in thorium sourced from the CERT cons and appetites within the solicit class.
Paul Wais: That were attributing for this high presence of radioactivity, so I would really like to go back through and see if I can identify some of these minerals myself.
Paul Wais: See, if I could somehow get some potential he hates to integrate it with some of the Syrian devonian boundary research, if they are potentially strata graphically lower.
Paul Wais: No go on to my conclusions, which is kind of summarizing that there were predominantly oxidizing conditions within the Jefferson heights formation, that we have here in this bottom picture show a the outcrop at Jefferson heights.
Paul Wais: With brief episodes of an oxy which is different from what we saw at I 88 which was predominantly anoxic conditions with these brief excursions of oxidation.
Paul Wais: and several of these API Spikes suggest to me that there may be the presence of temper ash beds.
Paul Wais: Are within the new Scotland formation here.
Paul Wais: Again, some of the.
Paul Wais: big differences suggesting that the new Scotland at.
Paul Wais: The Jefferson heights outcrop has proximity to this acadian source of solicit classics being deposited into the basin.
Paul Wais: relative to a cherry Valley, which may have a different source of solace classics and some of these cyclical trends I interpreted as a variation in the supply of silica plastic sentiment.
Paul Wais: relative to the in situ production of the carbonate sediments there were pre existing because there was no sediment to logical evidence to suggest that these were you static in origin.
Paul Wais: and
Paul Wais: I am.
Paul Wais: i'm not sure where i'm at for time i'm baby quite early, but I believe that is the end of my presentation.
James Ebert: Thanks Paul we have plenty of time for questions so feel free folks.
Caitlyn Larsen: When you're talking about the the variations in supply are you referring to what you're seeing in one of the thorium ratios or justin the API curve itself.
Paul Wais: yeah relative to.
Paul Wais: Like let's say the theory of relativity K ratio it tells you that there is an uptick in the authorial that is being sourced from the volcanic the subcontinent appetite rather than the K bearing minerals are such as.
Paul Wais: Well, can I might because the felts bars.
Paul Wais: So that's the variation in the supply.
Paul Wais: Different to the in situ production of the normal sediments flowing into this area.
Alex: Did you do any analysis down into the culpeper because I know you know towards the middle part of the culprit there's that pretty distinctive dark shale interval that you can find that out crap.
Paul Wais: I did not go into the calc Berg, I believe that i'm.
Paul Wais: At this Jefferson heights outcrop it was roughly 40 meters in the lead scores Member right there that I focused on it within like 80 or 100, including the.
Paul Wais: Jefferson nights Member, I think I do have a little bit of the be craft appearing towards the top of my API curve, but I don't believe that there's there's any calc Berg that I was able to measure.
Alex: Okay yeah.
James Ebert: that's one of our next projects Alex.
Alex: Okay yeah it would be interesting to see about the dyslexia and oxy a thing, because that seems like a very dyslexic interval.
Alex: You know I kind of argue with myself back and forth whenever I go there where's the deepest part in this stuff and it almost seems like that's pretty darn deep it's got that miniscule little.
Alex: bracket pods in there and stuff like that.
James Ebert: yeah and those bracket pods are tend to be prioritized as well, yes yep yep.
James Ebert: Okay, well, we still have about five minutes remaining and we do want to keep to the schedule.
James Ebert: I could start early, but because I have plenty of stuff to share, but I think we'll wait five minutes before my presentation begins Paul if you could stop sharing your screen, please yep.
Alex: Sure thanks good job those Those are two great I projects, I think, very neat that those came out of your class projects.
Caitlyn Larsen: that's really good.
Caitlyn Larsen: They were originally cheese.
Caitlyn Larsen: Go ahead planning on putting the two of them together once all completed his.
Caitlyn Larsen: Research, but we decided it was too much information to fit into.
Paul Wais: action.
Caitlyn Larsen: So we did wind up splitting it up, but then again Paul did a bunch of stuff that we didn't really focus on at the other outcrops so it would have been kind of.
Caitlyn Larsen: out of place, but if the department is going forward to do more research at this outcrop I definitely want to definitely want to stay stay tuned on that that sound that sounds wonderful there's still so much still so much to do.
James Ebert: yeah and I would add that going to this virtual world in which we are forced to live, this was actually the first time i've heard these two talks so thank you my.
Paul Wais: apologies if I kinda flew through that it started snowing like bid presentation.
Alex: yeah it did the same thing here pretty crazy yeah.
Jay Zambito: Logistical question for either the two speakers caitlin or Paul so i've done some fieldwork and it one in the state troopers did not like that, and they kicked me off just curious you both were at IDA did you have any problems or how do you get around that.
Caitlyn Larsen: We did have one, I think we had one time where.
Caitlyn Larsen: it's a trooper I think it was in cherry valley might have been our first time as a class going to the outcrop we, I think it was this.
Caitlyn Larsen: trooper pulled over and saw all of us students wearing vests and he's like to these rocks belong to you, where students taking rocks because we're going to take them home and.
Caitlyn Larsen: Have rocks and also look at them as we wanted to have originally we were going to look at the fossil content so we've had a couple of bracket pods a tractor trailer bites and but.
Caitlyn Larsen: The the officer was kind of a little bit concerned with them, we explained that were college students and we're not looking to mine for profit world for doing research and we kind of like pointed out there's a professor he's down over there over there.
Caitlyn Larsen: wouldn't be the first time.
Caitlyn Larsen: and
James Ebert: But yeah I can address that a little bit having worked on it for many, many years and it tends to it's a different.
James Ebert: State police barracks that oversees that area they seem to be a little more lacks about it, but you can also request a work permit from the Department of Transportation and with that they can't ticket you if you're on the interstate.
Caitlyn Larsen: think we brought up I invested in some traffic cones that I keep in the back of my car.
Caitlyn Larsen: And when Paul and I went to go look at the Jefferson heights outcrop I had like put these traffic cones down and nobody nobody bothered us when you have when you have vests and traffic cones to look very professional and what seems to bother you.
Paul Wais: So pretty remote area too.
Caitlyn Larsen: yeah.
Alex: yeah the Jefferson heights outcrop is is pretty easier, but the the.
Alex: Exit on ramp.
Alex: Roads are the ones that they get dicey about and I know I have never even tried to stop on the three way as much as I want.
You.
James Ebert: Indeed.
baird: Actually, if if you know where the carrier circle is in Syracuse right off of that is a through a.
baird: Control Center and a member going in there and they were quite accommodating about our stopping to look at the little falls caught on the.
baird: Little falls make a few you can go to them and talk in person, sometimes that works quite well yeah.
Alex: And you could be like I got a note from my mother.
Alex: I remember Gordon going to ask to go look at the it cuts down in the Hamilton stuff we looked at the.
Alex: upper Moscow interval there.
Alex: But alright so.
Alex: let's begin here with our next talk.
Alex: Dr James ybor one of our co session chairs here it's going to talk about the power of a paradigm miss identification and Miss correlation of the cult Berg and new Scotland formations and held by a group of New York state.
James Ebert: Thanks Alex i'm just a reminder, if you could please mute your microphones because i'm hearing some extraneous sounds alright i'm to start out, then.
James Ebert: we're going to look back to the late 19th century and johana small are developed this idea, called the correlation of faces or simply walters law.
James Ebert: And simply put the rocks that we see stacked vertically, on top of one another we're probably originally side by side at the time of deposition representing different environmental conditions, of course, this doesn't apply if there are unconformity in the sequence, but it works, otherwise.
James Ebert: In the same time frame on the desk or Bo was a contemporary of author and he illustrated diana's faces during regression the top diagram that you see here is gross original and then.
James Ebert: Someone simplified the patterns and put color in and the idea here is that the lines that are extending from the upper left to lower right our timelines.
James Ebert: And the faces are separated from one another by what Carl and his crew referred to as she's am lines and this paradigm has really had a tremendous influence on how we view sedimentary geology.
James Ebert: Now, you know that something has achieved iconic status when it's illustrated in legos and it shows up on Twitter.
James Ebert: This is something that I use this past fall with my students and they all got a big kick out of it so walters ally and legos.
James Ebert: To give you an idea of the pervasive nature of this we're going to take a look at some of the formations of the helmet or group, and this map shows the portion of the outcrop belt.
James Ebert: And we're going to be focusing on several outcrops that extend from cherry valley over into the Hudson valley around catskill though I will take a little digression over towards the the.
James Ebert: Months mill and risk and he falls area, a little bit later on the talk the outcrop numbers here are after Larry richards seminal work in 1962 on the health of a group.
James Ebert: And I just realized that I forgot to start my own timer so i'm going to do that, so that I don't go over.
James Ebert: rickards 1962 monograph on this photography of the Bilderberg Group is just absolutely critical in terms of all research that is done on these rocks It really is the starting point for everyone's work.
James Ebert: And what rickard demonstrated, or at least with his interpretations, where is that these formations of the health of our group represented a transgressive sequence of diaphanous faces.
James Ebert: And that the faces maintain continuity as they switched over to a minor regression and then transgression resumed with the at least part of the big craft formation up through the port you information.
James Ebert: to accomplish this record postulated a very thick and section of the cult bird formation near cherry valley and this projection of the corporate formation, which has often been referred to as the culprit tongue.
James Ebert: overlap lying, the new Scotland formation and that makes a nice shift in the direction of faces migration, much like you saw in the Lego illustration just a moment ago.
James Ebert: But there are some problems with this this model of diaphanous faces has led to not only the Miss identification and Miss correlation of strata graphic units.
James Ebert: But some of the units that were involved are the Tetra bearing units that have been important to the calibration of the devonian timescale and, in particular we're looking at the jets falls.
James Ebert: Meta bentonite in the new Scotland formation, which is the age of that has been used to mark the base of the devonian in some of the most recent timescales, or at least to localize the neighborhood of the solar and devonian boundary.
James Ebert: Now grupo in 1906 also added in what this might look like with unconformity ease and in the diagram on the left, and this is again gross original sketch.
James Ebert: You see, he has labeled labeled units, starting with a at the base going to F G H, and I at the top, and he shows that.
James Ebert: We have an off laughing relationship, for the first few units than the unconformity and then an on laughing relationship between units E, F G H, and I.
James Ebert: And then he shows in times photography what that would look like that the unconformity as much more profound on the left hand side than it is on the right hand side.
James Ebert: I referenced this because it turns out that many of the informational contacts within the healthcare Group are in fact unconformity.
James Ebert: This diagram is a time starter graphic chart it's a portion of the new devonian correlation chart that we expect is going to be published this coming summer and.
James Ebert: check with stratton is going to be giving a talk about that publication at 410 so there's a shameless plug for staying tuned to this session.
James Ebert: The white areas here represent unconformity and I want to draw your attention to the culprit formation overlying the women's formation there's an unconformity there.
James Ebert: And then perhaps a minor gap between the calc Bergen new Scotland that's a little less convincing.
James Ebert: But it is the result of miss identifying and Miss correlating these units that we run into some difficulties.
James Ebert: So if you don't believe that there are unconformity is here Here are three examples of.
James Ebert: The deans borough and cleamons formations overlying various units on the left is a Polish slab from a risk and he falls, you can see that there's microcar.
James Ebert: there's some riddick mineralization there are class of the manliness formation janesville Member incorporated in the gainsborough.
James Ebert: In the middle photograph you have a well bedded David member of the manliness formation overland by a more massive clemens formation.
James Ebert: And there are individual beds that are truncated there and then on the right hand side, we see that same contact and Hudson Valley.
James Ebert: marked by borings into a hard ground and clemens sediments pipe down into those borings, this is a surface that we've referred to as the how cave unconformity.
James Ebert: However, more pertinent to this talk is the unconformity that marks the contact between the women's and cult work formations the punch kill unconformity rather ignatius name but it's named for a small stream near coble skill New York.
James Ebert: In this close up one of the outcrops we see the top of the women's formation, with a very regular contact.
James Ebert: A rumbling unit that I refer to as the punch kill bed, which shows up in some outcrops and then a burrowed kalsi silt bed that has a fair bit of courts in it.
James Ebert: That shows up at a number of different outcrops and that's overland by a unit that i've referred to as called bird be it's not the base of the corporate formation that we see in other places.
James Ebert: These units within the corporate formation that i've informally referred to as cult burns ABC and D.
James Ebert: thin and on lap as you go to the West, from the aircraft belt and the picture on the right at catskill this is right near the.
James Ebert: route 23 outcrop that Paul worked on and the culprit si unit is that dark shelly pie riddick unit that Alex and I were chatting about in the little impromptu break that we had.
James Ebert: Those same units show up at near scary New York and we're missing the culprit a unit, because it has lacked against the punch kill unconformity.
James Ebert: And as we continue to the West, we get to cherry Valley, and you can see that the only kohlberg that's present at cherry Valley, is the copper D unit.
James Ebert: And the six sequence of rocks exposed on route 20 that have always been referred to as called bird formation are actually the new Scotland formation.
James Ebert: So we see different sub units within the corporate formation laughing on to the punch kill on conformity and probably that on lap continues with the two members of the new Scotland formation.
James Ebert: So again, this is the time strata graphic view of where we are, and so this miss identification and Miss correlation really becomes rather problematic when we start mixing in the tougher beds, especially those that have been rated metrics we dated.
James Ebert: To demonstrate that what has been called called Burg at cherry valley is actually the new Scotland formation we'll start with the picture in the lower right the.
James Ebert: crap at catskill route 23, this is the aircraft that Paul worked on and we see the top of the call for the cost per diem Member.
James Ebert: overland by the Jefferson heights Member and the lead scoring members of the new Scotland formation and at the far left of that picture is the big craft formation.
James Ebert: i've dashed the contact there because this may be the only contact within the entire health of our group that's gravitational everything else, seems to be discussed formidable.
James Ebert: If we look immediately above that in the photograph labeled be we're at 88 and those same two Members are readily distinguished Jefferson heights and leads gorge.
James Ebert: The Jefferson heights member is a little more solicit classic rich leads gorgeous a little more carbonate rich.
James Ebert: And then, if we go over to cherry Valley, the two photographs on the left hand side of this slide are two separate photographs that i've super imposed.
James Ebert: The Jefferson heights member is the lower photograph photograph and then it's overland by the lead scoring Member and in the picture labeled a here, you can actually see the contact between the two on 20 so this unit, the new Scotland formation has been mistaken for called bird.
James Ebert: and partly that may be the influence of this walters law paradigm, that in order to make the gravitational faces work record pretty much had to assume that these strata were in fact culpeper.
James Ebert: And I can see the reason that he did, that the lead scoring Member, in particular, is quite ciardi and part of the cough Bergen the Hudson Valley, is very charity, so there were some with logic similarities, but they're only of the grossest nature.
James Ebert: Now, another unit that is part of this picture is that culpeper tongue that record had overlying the new Scotland formation and sort of making the continuous faces up into the big craft.
James Ebert: On the right hand side of this slide you see two sub units within the big craft formation at route 23 and catskill and these also show up nicely in catskill creek and a number of other outcrops.
James Ebert: These are faces subdivisions, that I originally outlined in my PhD research many, many years ago.
James Ebert: And I simply term them informally B one and B to the differences be one has thin inter beds of.
James Ebert: People loyal and silty mythologies that in some cases draped cross stratification and the B to unit is also a skeletal grindstone but it lacks those finer beds, at least through most of the Member.
James Ebert: If we jump over to Scott mhairi to the outcrop on record hill road be to is a standout it just jumps right out at you, and says here I am again i'm the beat craft formation.
James Ebert: And underneath it or the beds that record referred to as this upper tongue of the corporate formation, however.
James Ebert: I think that it bears a striking resemblance to the be one sub unit in the Hudson valley and i've kristin did the old stone for.
James Ebert: Excuse me old stone former member of the big craft formation and here's why, first of all, it has skeletal gravestones interbred with final final mythologies and secondly.
James Ebert: It, and this is the clincher it contains the distinctive hold facets of the spirit of crisis could tell a form us which previously has only been reported from the big craft formation.
James Ebert: Now, if we jump to the West and go to the risk and he falls corey we see here very thick sequence that includes units up into the middle devonian.
James Ebert: But I want to draw your attention to the dean's borough formation, which i've separated from the women's and I think there's good reason for that.
James Ebert: And it's overland by a thin slightly darker colored unit that record mapped as corporate formation once again.
James Ebert: However, lissa logically it's very different, and I refer to it as the buckley mill formation, the insoluble residues from the buckley mill yield just.
James Ebert: oodles of these little opposite Canadian Cone shaped bracket pods very strange little fossil and mythologically the buckley mill is mainly appeal loyal grindstone.
James Ebert: Which is very different from any other culprits mythology The other reason that I would separate it out as a different unit is that the deans borough has yielded Prague in age continents and the calc bird is supposed to be like coven age, so this is why i've called it buckley mill.
James Ebert: Now, if we hop back to 2016 and the Houston at all paper that my students reference I have circled for the outcrops that they looked at in New York state, and this is their correlation.
James Ebert: The red triangles are areas that I view as problematic if we look in the Center the long column at catskill red triangle points to the culprit information.
James Ebert: And I would agree with that in fact below that red triangle, you see those black ovals that represent the Church of culpeper a.
James Ebert: Be isn't really apparent in this measured section, but that little re entered is called for, see and the arrow points to call it burn D.
James Ebert: If we go over to coble skill and I hate section again the red triangle points to what these answers called golf bird but it's actually new Scotland.
James Ebert: And the blue triangle points to what they called New Scotland, which is actually the old stone fourth member of the big craft formation and then it cherry valley once again the red triangle points to what was called culpeper but is actually new Scotland formation.
James Ebert: The same authors in an attempt to test the idea of our the formation of boundaries I Socrates or die acronis.
James Ebert: They took their carbon isotope curves and they stretch the outcrops to make all of the formation of boundaries I soccer tennis So you see at the bottom of this be column purple overlaying by sort of a tan color overlay and by green.
James Ebert: Nice flat I soccer in his contacts and you can see that their carbon isotope curves don't like this very well, so what they then did was to.
James Ebert: sort of slide the isotope curves up and down until they fit better and stretch them as needed and then stretched the mythologies accordingly well that also creates some problems okay so whoops for some reason, something else just popped up on my screen here.
James Ebert: Excuse me, so in this correlation the thick portion that they've labeled.
James Ebert: clemens formation, which is that.
James Ebert: tan color actually includes the Dave is a member of the manliness formation and those two units are separated by the terrorists mountain on conformity and also you see here, whatever reason it's not letting me change slides.
James Ebert: Okay, and so, once again what this leads to is miss identification and Miss correlation of these various units so.
James Ebert: We have a minimum of three different strata graphic units that have been called calc word, in addition to the call for information and so that's more than just a little problematic.
James Ebert: So to kind of wrap this up, I would suggest that these various miss identifications and Miss correlations have been very strongly influenced by the paradigm of walters law.
James Ebert: And that, in order to make this work, we have to assume gravitational formation contacts, but they're not gravitational they're uncomfortable.
James Ebert: And, once again we have this miss identification miss correlation of units basically a confusing of the new Scotland and culprit formation.
James Ebert: And this becomes extremely problematic because the new Scotland formation does carry the tetris that one of which at least has been dated and used in calibration of the devonian timescale and then Houston at all.
James Ebert: Also, dated three additional ashes, at least from the IDA doubt crop and when you stretch isotopic curves to force correlation you're ignoring unconformity is, which is problematic.
James Ebert: And I would argue that a formation of boundary can be diaphanous because of on lap onto an unconformity of surface.
James Ebert: Rather than simply the result of a gravitational migration of faces and I think that's illustrated fairly well by the on lap of the calc Berg subunits ABC and D on to the punch killing conformity and with that I will pause and I hope we have some time for questions.
Alex: Yes, I think, well up next is our our break, but we definitely have at least a minute or so, but i'm happy to I think I don't think anyone would.
Alex: be great to have the question of continuing the break of it if you want to.
Alex: Our next talk.
Alex: Is it 330 by Jay Z and Vito.
Alex: So, are there any questions for Jim.
Charles Ver Straeten: Jim this is.
James Ebert: uh huh.
Charles Ver Straeten: um I continue to be.
Charles Ver Straeten: A little confused by things sometimes not as much as I used to be.
Charles Ver Straeten: Do you recognize lateral faces changes in your rock so.
James Ebert: Yes, absolutely um but they occur within strata graphic units, rather than across strata graphic units, so one of the examples that that I gave.
James Ebert: But didn't actually make it explicit is in the Hudson Valley, the be one subdivision of the big craft is decimate or scale scaling gravestones with these finer inner beds.
James Ebert: When you come over to this go Harry Valley, you still have those grindstone beds they're thinner and they're separated by much more and more critical pathologies, and you also see a much more diverse fun of.
James Ebert: showing up within those units so that's a that's a change in faces within a unit, rather than across the business.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay cuz in my strata above there you know top of the risk neon up into the marcellus and we know very well from you know all of Carl and gordon's work in the Hamilton that there can be substantial faces changes across and so i've always been a little confused by that.
James Ebert: Well, I think, part of the difference might be that rates of sediment accumulation up in the middle devonian were a lot higher with with all that stuff pouring off the acadian origin.
James Ebert: In these carbonates the the rate of substance was limited, and it was probably tectonically induced by loading in the origin.
James Ebert: And so, without a lot of substance, you don't get a lot of thick accumulation sentiments and that also means that you end up with numerous unconformity.
yeah.
Charles Ver Straeten: So another question I have is the unconformity between the cockburn and the new Scotland.
Charles Ver Straeten: yeah that is all part of an overall transgression and deepening.
Charles Ver Straeten: Right, do you see that.
Charles Ver Straeten: Contact or the unconfirmed there as being sub Ariel knows that would take a tremendous amount of.
Charles Ver Straeten: yeah we'll put it into within way based so.
James Ebert: yeah yeah I would say that's in submarine unconformity.
James Ebert: The punch kill, at least in some places, probably was some aerial because if you do see these microcar stick features on the data crimmins.
Charles Ver Straeten: mm hmm.
Alex: Okay does anybody else have a question I have a question, but let the other folks in the session go.
Caitlyn Larsen: Question knowing that these are you know diaphanous beds, how far theoretically, would you have to travel, I know that when you were talking about.
Caitlyn Larsen: The time independent nature of the rocks at the two outcrops that we focused on there's not much of a geographical difference that would really mean that we would see.
Caitlyn Larsen: markers like fossils and ash beds that are you know time dependent you wouldn't see them in different formations how far would you have to travel.
Caitlyn Larsen: To find these these markers occurring in different formations say that we would wind up finding the judge falls bentonite actually in the calc Berg at another at another place.
James Ebert: Okay, well, I don't think that would happen, Kate because if you project that bentonite westward the calc work has already lapped out against the unconformity surface.
James Ebert: So.
James Ebert: It just isn't present right um but to answer your question.
James Ebert: kind of by reference to what you and Paul and the rest of the class worked on the new Scotland is a.
James Ebert: it's one of the thickest units within the hell divert it does have some solace a classic input, as you both have demonstrated and so rates of substance and rates of sediment supply I think we're we're a little bit greater little bit lower in the section, where you have the pure carbonates.
James Ebert: Over a fairly short distance just between catskill and cherry Valley, which is less than 100 kilometers you lose three of the units that make up the the base of the copper because they're they're pinching out against that unconformity surface.
James Ebert: So you can hit, especially because this base and was tectonically influenced, you can have some pretty rapid changes over short distances.
Caitlyn Larsen: Thank you, it was like less than seven Dec a dia conformity really gets you when you're going down sex section I didn't even.
write.
Charles Ver Straeten: caitlin for reference in the onondaga limestone similar environments, as far as you know, shallow marine carbonates.
Charles Ver Straeten: Some of those bent nights can be correlated from here to Southwest Virginia and.
Charles Ver Straeten: Some are missing, some of the key ones are missing in the low Stan the upper part of the Columbus limestone that would be found in the shallow upper morehouse of the onondaga and also other ones, some of these templates as I call them.
Charles Ver Straeten: altered temperatures can be correlated.
Charles Ver Straeten: Even into maybe into the certainly you've got some of the tiger beds that go all the way into the Illinois basin and things like that.
Caitlyn Larsen: that's what I that's what I was thinking about that does make more sense, but that is a very that is a larger you know scale across a greater distance and it seems yeah.
James Ebert: Okay folks we're five minutes into our break and I suspect that some of you are in need of caffeine or bathrooms or both so let's put a bookmark in this and we'll start up again at 330 with Jason vetoes tar.
Alex: Jim can I oh he's gone.
James Ebert: here.
Alex: Okay, can I can I ask my question to you anyway.
James Ebert: Maybe yeah sure.
Alex: Okay, I I correct me if i'm wrong, but I was trying to figure this out when I was taking my students out that I think rickard i'm mapped in the Hudson Valley, at least the base of his new Scotland as occurring at the lowest occurrence of macro macro player that big wavy bracket pod.
Alex: Right no does then.
Alex: Did those foreigners change units, you know.
Alex: In other words, like is was he right or was he wrong kind of with that.
James Ebert: Well, I think, and this gets into one of the other issues is defining lissa strata graphic units by bio strata graphic criteria.
James Ebert: yeah and I think that that's part of what creates the problem.
James Ebert: I have not found microflora in any unit, other than the new Scotland, so I don't know exactly what that tells us.
Alex: Right right right, it does it occur at cherry Valley.
James Ebert: um no I have not found it at cherry Valley.
James Ebert: Or at least I mean I haven't found it that doesn't mean it doesn't occur to me.
Alex: Right yeah absolutely absolutely.
Alex: yeah sure sure sure okay all right, thank you.
James Ebert: Okay, take a break guys will be back.
Sean Cornell (he/his/him): What you put in that coffee.
Alex: Yes, yeah.
This talk is about our project focused on testing the impact of forest evolution and the organic matter composition about the election bass reflex shale i'm Jason Vito and one of my co authors deleting McCarthy, is here with me to present her work on this project.
This project forms the basis of my senior thesis and that of my piers Morgan five we've also been assisted by maddie comiskey.
olivia firebrick and Emily clink skills for undergraduate research assistant on this project.
The figure on the left side of the screen to takes multiple sample locations across the appalachian basin, that will be used to reconstruct a large scale geochemical transact during the middle upper devonian transition.
This project is funded by the American chemical society petroleum research fund.
The evolution and expansion of forest was geologically rapid and began near the middle devonian.
Middle and Upper devonian appalachian base and the strata record the evolutionary development and ecological expansion of vascular land plants from marginal marine top one settings this occurred concurrent with widespread marine black shale.
Based on this timing LG on others published several seminal papers posing that terrestrial planet evolution and marine black Shell I related.
The expansion of taller terrestrial Flores with deeper root systems enhanced terrestrial weathering and so formation, enhancing tressler marine nutrient flexes leading each station lifestyle formation and marine extinction.
This project is focused on strategy that records the innovation from the boundary, which is when the maximum tree height of roughly increase in the first archaeopteryx are seen as shown on the figure on the left.
To figure on the right to fix the rapid increase in route that concurrent with increased tree height enhanced soil formation in proposed increase nutrients flux into the Marine round beginning at the innovation fancy and boundary.
There are a variety of hypotheses related to the evolution of forest and the devonian that we are studying in this project.
The primary source of organic matter and devonian black shales is marine a result of algal blooms related to enhance nutrient run off this is the LG go at all model.
and other hypothesis is that an increased influx of terrestrial biomass inch marine settings during the observation Friday and transition this record is true graphically and organic to your chemical proxies.
And then finally proportion of terrestrial submarine organic matter and black shield decreases with proximity to open ocean settings on the content little margin and distance from terrestrial ecosystems.
Our project aims to decipher the terrestrial versus marine organic matter contribution to the latest innovation from the an appalachian based and black shale.
Along the transaction from the northern appalachian basin to the more open ocean influence southern appalachian basin.
This approach will spatially into poorly constrained terrestrial organic matter flux to marine settings during fourth evolution.
We are compiling and integrated data set wait percent organic carbon organic carbon isotope in biomarkers from core and outgrow.
we're also testing the accuracy of outcrop derived organic you'll chemical analysis relative should that are preserved for.
The first phase of this project is focused on the northern and central appalachian basin geneseo and bearcat black Shell of New York Pennsylvania in West Virginia.
future work will include a southern appalachian basin, as well as the Illinois basin, although prior studies have examine.
The production and preservation of organic matter in devonian black sails few employed large scale high to pour a resolution geochemical translates across appalachian basin.
In the figure above a in the top left corner shows Paleo geography during the invasion friends in showing the location of the study area highlighted in the red box at approximately 30 degrees South latitude.
figure be so its regional terrestrial input and transgressive on lat patterns figure see on the right, shows the sample transact and sample locations relative to dominate with those bases pattern.
As previously stated big vacation found the boundary is the focus of this project, the figure to pick the temporal relation of our localities.
The Kono strata graphic framework for this study interval is based on kona dump files to take her be sequence or geography and listen to take up.
locations a through G are the same as shown on the previous figure grey shaded intervals indicate strata focus.
Vertical lines indicate unconformity large diagonal lines in the shape of an ex to know covered parts of our crops or intervals, with no core recovery.
zigzag lines represent tectonically disturb strata question marks to note uncertainty in the age of a particular strata graphics minute boundary based on bios to take up.
This slide shows previous work that is important to our study on the left is the work of Maynard.
He demonstrated that in the devonian marine carbon is lighter or more negative than terrestrial carbon.
This is related to the amount of atmospheric CO2 and the opposite pattern from today's icehouse conditions and the devonian terrestrial carbon is approximately negative 26 per mil and marine approximately negative 30.5 per mil.
On the right hand side Murphy and others, so the geneseo black Shell and found a dlc 13 composition of around negative 30 per mil.
under an overlying great milestone has a dlc 13 composition of around negative 28 per mil, and this is a topic as well as biomarker analysis.
They concluded that the organic matter source for the geneseo was primarily marine know, however, that this is a base level core and the basal geneseo is missing due to erosion and or non deposition.
We conducted a high resolution sampling geochemical analysis of the geneseo in sherburne formations and the Cargill number 17 lansing core.
The succession records deposition at the base and slow transition, as evidenced by the overall upward shelling shift from black sails turbid excel and sandstone.
Organic carbon wait percent decreases up section and the overall trend, as well as abrupt shift corresponds with Sophie issues and unit boundaries.
Similarly, the dlc 13 profile corresponds to little face she's in unit boundaries.
Note that the geneseo in this core has dlc 13 values around negative 29 per mil, which is about one per mil heavier than the more basic course studied by Murphy and others this likely reflects at this course closer to the trust organic matter source.
The abrupt shift to heavier dlc 13 values of around negative 20 per mil in the sherburne also indicates that the programming catskill delta is bringing fresh organic matter into the basement.
This is a highly weathered outcrop of the basal geneseo formation along the Cuba lake shoreline railroad cut located approximately two kilometers south of where the Cargill number 17 lansing core was drilled.
Your organic carbon wait percent values are similar to those from the same strata graphic interval and the core of the dlc 13 values are about Point five per mil lighter this may indicate the introduction of modern terrestrial carbon into our samples.
This dreaded graphics section of the fridge remember interval and out crap is from a little farther down the railroad and just a little over two kilometers South where the Cargill number 17 lens and cordless drill.
Organic carbon wait percent values are comparable to those from relative strata in the core.
Immediately below the first remember they'll see 13 values are up to around one per mil lighter than observed for the same strata graphic interval and the core.
Some for a team Member llc 13 values are up to around for promo lighter and some of the courses screen strata.
Furthermore, they'll see 13 value shift to more positive values in the fruit tree in the core but an outcrop shift to lighter values, this may suggest that coarse grained mythologies and outcrop incorporate more modern carbon fiber green mythologies like black show.
The succession in erie Pennsylvania show some interesting patterns, the organic carbon wait percent data is comparable to similar little bases in the New York portion of the appalachian basis.
they'll see 13 values in the grid cat are approximately negative 29.5 per mil which is comparable to the values of the geneseo black shale at about 20 negative 29.0 per mil.
lc 13 values in the underlying totally are much lighter approximately negative 33 per mil these values seem to suggest contamination by modern terrestrial organic matter, we do not yet have an extensive telly dlc 13 data set from the New York for comparison.
super cat member of the Herald Shell formation represents deep basin deposits from the same tempo phase that we see in the lansing core.
The organic carbon wait percent data is comparable to similar little faces in the New York and Pennsylvania portions of the appalachian basin the dlc protein values are overall much lighter than the core are nearby outcrops.
The West Virginia section is approximately 3.5 per mil lighter than the core and approximately 2.0 promo lighter than in Pennsylvania.
This aligns the hypothesis that open ocean settings will provide more marine organic matter to Central and Southern appalachian base in sections.
The lightest they'll see 13 value of correspond with the massive Silverstone unit, this may suggest contamination for modern carbon indeed the dlc 13 values are shifted lighter than other outcrops which you may suggest widespread outcrop annotations for modern carbon.
future work will focus on extracting biomarkers from black shield samples to better understand the Marine versus terrestrial organic matter composition.
This figure shows preliminary biomarker analysis from core samples in the lower geneseo and the Alcan composition indicates a primarily marine organic matter for.
summary devonian appalachian based and marine black Shell organic matter has a primarily marine source trust organic matter input into the appalachian based on the scene and shallower little issues but it's not a major organic matter contributor to black show.
samples near open ocean settings and near the continental margin contain more organic matter marine source than those proximal to terrestrial ecosystems.
Modern carbon contamination was observed in aircraft samples finer grained pathologies like black she'll she'll less modern terrestrial carbon contamination than coarser grain pathologies.
The final integrated data set will improve our understanding of the terrestrial marine Tele connection during force evolution.
Thank you for your attention and we're more than happy to answer any questions you may have our research.
James Ebert: Great then we do have time for questions.
Alex: let's go, what do you think will happen in the in the if you were to look at this and say upper devonian black she'll show.
Alex: up.
Alex: In the opportunity for that way.
Jay Zambito: yeah we would probably see the same pattern i'm just checking to see if delaney might have been able to join so she could potentially help answer some questions.
Jay Zambito: I think we'll see that the same pattern, though, where the.
Jay Zambito: prominently.
Jay Zambito: Recording marine organic matter.
Jay Zambito: And I imagine it's probably the the same process the LG overall model that we're looking at increase nutrient flux into the appalachian basin and that's leading to algal blooms and.
Jay Zambito: An organic matter preservation that's marine source it'd be interesting to see because we have these repeated black shells, as you get higher into the devonian if there's some kind of potentially climate signal that's being recorded there, whereas.
Jay Zambito: You know, we know around the debate on Friday and boundary the first forests are evolving.
Jay Zambito: But why do we keep seeing these repeated black shells later is that driven by tectonics and substance or is it related to you know potentially some climate signal we're seeing some I guess for us expansion events contraction contraction.
Alex: that'd be cool.
James Ebert: hey Paul you have your hand up.
Paul Olsen: Yes, I do hi Paulson here i'm i'm really glad to see you.
Paul Olsen: very nice job, by the way, i'm very glad to see you considering the possibilities of various forms of non indigenous carbon entering the rock and producing anomalous results in addition to modern.
Paul Olsen: Carbon entering the system another source of contamination that's especially well in quotes contamination that's especially important, is migrated hydrocarbons.
Paul Olsen: And since these rocks are all within the oil window or even inside, I guess, some cases even more mature than that.
Paul Olsen: There should be migrated hydrocarbons in a given set of organic material then migrated hydrocarbons tend to be more negative than the Caribbean.
Paul Olsen: That that remains, and so in a sandstone within with low to see the migrated hydrocarbons, you can contribute a larger contribute more strongly to the Delta.
Paul Olsen: Then the indigenous Caribbean, so I think you might want to think about that as a possibility of an additional source of non indigenous carbon to the to the C section when you have a very high to see of course in a black shale that can over the Caribbean can overwhelm the the.
Paul Olsen: hydrocarbons in terms of the delta C 13 content.
Paul Olsen: Obviously, looking at it in terms of molecular level or compound specific gfi 13 would be a big test this hypothesis anyway great job.
Jay Zambito: Thanks Paul it's a great point we didn't consider that and I could see where that also overlaps with sort of our thought that the.
Jay Zambito: cell apologies that are potentially more prosody your permeability there's more space for this carbon contamination and black sale, maybe less space, but I like.
Jay Zambito: Your suggestion I think it's something we definitely need to consider and.
It.
Paul Olsen: became very obvious to us when we started doing a delicacy 13 basalt.
Paul Olsen: You know shouldn't have a whole lot of indigenous organic carbon.
James Ebert: J David is put a question in the chat asking if the algal blooms are related to deeper weather.
Jay Zambito: yeah.
Jay Zambito: Thanks David for.
baird: For asking that question.
Jay Zambito: that's really related to the algeo at all hypothesis right is that with.
Jay Zambito: The increase in.
Jay Zambito: forest cover on land during the the middle topper devonian and the plants that were evolving at that time they're not only growing taller.
Jay Zambito: But they're rooting deeper and so with the deeper weathering that's occurring that's going to increase the.
Jay Zambito: The nutrient flux and so maybe where you're going with that question is and tying back to alex's question and in the upper devonian Lucy is repeated sales are we also potentially seeing the evolution of.
Jay Zambito: Different plants with different routing schemes that may be, enhancing.
Jay Zambito: weathering and soil formation and leading to additional black shells.
James Ebert: hey Gordon if you want to start sharing your screen I think Alex is going to introduce you.
Charles Ver Straeten: Could I just make a quick comment um what we've been finding in the catskill front in recent times is that the model that algeo put out needs to be moved backwards into time farther because we're finding fully developed large archaeopteryx trees in the lower derivation even.
Alex: Thank you chuck.
Alex: yeah okay Gordon can you.
baird: Go to Julian.
Alex: yep come on in.
Alex: While you're doing that I will say that our next talk is by Gordon Baird reconstructing hackenberg end devonian events in Ohio and Northwest Pennsylvania changing perspectives and new opportunities for filling in the pieces all right great.
Alex: take it away.
baird: Well, I hope you all can hear me.
The.
baird: As they say they work, this is work that's been developed over a fairly fairly long period of time with a number of colleagues, some of them not really mentioned here, but the ones included are Jeff over at geneseo Joe Hannibal at the Cleveland museum and Diana boyer at Winthrop college.
baird: See.
baird: fans oh okay good review what i'm going to deal with are.
baird: Two key questions one, how do we identify a series the signal of serious and devonian climatic crises extinction patterns in the northern appalachian basin.
baird: And what signal, are we getting from these things, and then to a quick review of some of the end of only and stratego griffey is it's beginning to appear from new work.
baird: Work we'll talk mainly about Ohio today today, hopefully with time for a mention of a little bit of Northwest Pennsylvania, which is well less well understood by and applying some of these new findings I if we look at the standard section up in the.
baird: Cleveland area northern Ohio there are really four big discontinuities within the top of the devonian in the late from any one of these is at the.
baird: base of the Cleveland Member die acronis unconformity another one fairly major one is the base of the Bedford formation, which may be related to the first big ice house event.
baird: And the better known contact is the base of the berea custom lago across much of Ohio and I at the top, is an unknown discontinuity which is post.
baird: berea but pre sunbury so it's a news new thing.
baird: Looking at this dire grammatically.
baird: We have the Cleveland shale here is shown is dark dark shale lemony sitting unconformity and die acronis Lee upon the.
baird: chagrin shale is Gray shale this Cleveland member is this conform ugly overlain by the Bedford formation, which is that green orange and red interval.
baird: About 100 feet thick which is distinctive for the development of a regional kind of form to the east topping that is a big unconformity under the berea sandstone and, at the very top it's hidden under my hand.
baird: What is that bar.
baird: is another unconformity between a very thin unit, but a foot thick which is succeeded by the mississippian sunbury shale.
baird: Starting moving up, we have the ship around exposed here in East Cleveland in euclid metropark there's an unconformity the position be in the wall and then a series of divisions of increasingly black shale moving up through the Cleveland section.
baird: Be bottom of the Cleveland member is a unconformity resembling our base geneseo contact in New York it's marked by rework pyrite and similarly it displays regional director and at with units lapping on to the contact.
baird: toward the southeast toward the base and margin.
baird: This correlates westward into a thick wedge of turbid etic sediment three course where the unconformity in so we suspect this might be a signal of the three liquor fan and sections in southern Ohio.
baird: As I say, if you continue on up through the Cleveland.
baird: You see, persistent disk conformity at the base of this is rework pyrite concentrated beneath a unit that we're now calling the penitentiary Glenn beds in the Cleveland area.
baird: The upper part of the Cleveland or just should mention is of course now famous for the boulder the three ton Granite folder preserved in the top most layers in Kentucky.
baird: As I say, frank up and son and his associates have done a fair amount of work on this and new data, looking at the spec the COPs dynamic tight in.
baird: Maryland and Pennsylvania show a zonal connection to the top most Cleveland which suggests that the top most Cleveland beds record the onset of the.
baird: Paleo climate crisis that we call the handgun birth and we have the transition, at the very top into what is coming to be understood, is a big major ice house event.
baird: Okay, the base Bedford formation discontinuity.
baird: Is not continuous across Ohio but becomes prominent from West of Cleveland over eastward, to the eastern extent of this unit and apparently is linked to a sea level drop probably associated with the ice house event.
baird: Where it says to on this diagram is that disk conformity strata above are shown sloping downward in a.
baird: client a forum pattern from leaves so there was an early delta event building into Ohio at this time rollie coincident with some of that spec the COPs dynamic date stuff and at the top, however, is something labeled our be this week call read Bedford a unit of truly enigmatic.
baird: aspect it's red brown kind of like catskill but is understood by many authors to be an offshore marine unit we're currently testing it for the presence of fossils and other indicators of of a marine or non marine origin it's a big black hole, although it's red.
baird: Okay at the.
baird: This shows the.
baird: Bedford formation going across Northern Ohio to the east, the right showing the inferred outgrowth of the lower part of the Bedford as a sort of dealt Eric unit.
baird: The red Bedford over lies this to the left and as a say, maybe a base, in all events.
baird: Situated west of this delta super imposed on all of this is the big sub bed for sub berea sub Casa lago discontinuity which it has been long known as a big event in central southern Ohio the.
baird: Cleveland Member Bedford Member contact becomes gradation This is important because it indicates continuity in the deposition story for the study of foreigners for the study of geochemical markers.
baird: Coming up from the lower Bedford we enter the world of the red Bedford This shows week laminate within the red Bedford at Cleveland so far no fossils have come out of it we're going to be digging into this unit, the summer, to see if we can secure micro fossils for bulk samples.
baird: The base custom swag obree is the big enchilada in the Cleveland area and the burrito which is Ohio State rock is spectacular for regional defamation within.
baird: But that passes that on disk conformity also passes the continuity in southern Ohio suggesting continuity, through the and devonian here again number three is your base bria marker.
baird: and see we he see here the red Bedford under massive berea in Cleveland Ohio the major contact long known going back into the MID 1800s.
baird: Now, in northern Ohio the what we have found is that the bria is overlain by a thin sandstone unit not directly by mississippian sunbury shale this unit.
baird: Characteristically, by otter beta almost everywhere thin and has an extreme extremely sharp lower base.
baird: This bed may be turn az and a so the actual DC boundary may not be at the base of sunbury as normally suspected, but it may be lower.
baird: Here is this limestone which remains unnamed situated on top of cross bedded berea show shows a little bit of the tremendous contrast between the units and the sharp disk conformity along the base.
baird: Proof of the significance of this fire unit, I came in the form of erosion will overstep removal of the entire berea locally beneath it.
baird: So what you have is the tan colored Maria overlying the red Bedford and then a very thin bed above the above me, I guess, about a foot thick.
baird: And then dark shales of the sunbury orange phil at the top, so this is something that is under described and in literature, but his you have to be worked out.
baird: Moving East, we come into Northwest Pennsylvania, and just shows the general scope of most of our intense work and green up in the North Western counties.
baird: have to end the talk of just show the position of our four discontinuities in successive order the base Cleveland the base Bedford the base Casa lago berea and well we don't camp distinguished let's top most separate marker in this region, low, it may be present.
baird: What we do find, though, is that although the Cleveland shale in Bedford are caught out in this region beneath the.
baird: causal lago berea we seem to have evidence for equivalence of the Cleveland Member over in the meat meadville oil creek region.
baird: which opens up some possibilities for looking at riddick face she's in these units, and I think that's about as far as I go on this, so I will keep things open to entertain questions.
baird: Should I back out of share screen.
Alex: Yes, please Gordon.
Thank you.
Alex: Thank you go up to the top.
baird: Oh okay.
Alex: yeah.
baird: I see it, yep.
Alex: So, are there any any questions for for Gordon.
baird: nope didn't go out.
baird: see what do I do right click on this.
Alex: I guess could Could we ask someone in one of the tech people to perhaps stop gordon's screen share.
RISE GSA Staff Becky (She/her): hi this is.
RISE GSA Staff Becky (She/her): becky let me see if I can do that real quick.
Alex: Thank you very much becky.
Alex: perfect.
Okay.
baird: Okay.
Alex: yep so any questions for Gordon.
Erika Danielsen: hi yeah this is Erica Daniel said, I have a question Gordon um I was actually just curious where were you seeing the sandstone and the thing stands out above the bria and the thin limestone above the bria but.
baird: they're both it's it's.
baird: cal karissa sandstone the picture I showed you is right at berea wallace late it's in the metropark.
baird: command and so you can, in fact, you can drive almost to it.
Erika Danielsen: Right.
Alex: There any farther than that bed garden.
baird: But just trace fossils so far.
baird: We have not busted open little pieces, to try to secure opponents from it, but my hope would be that it might yield.
baird: coma dots of the of the basal tourney's.
Alex: Here sure, so my.
baird: Current activity there's been a lot of talk.
baird: About a major cielo sea level event prior.
baird: To onset of the attorneys and this might be that mark gotcha okay.
Erika Danielsen: Very cool thanks Gordon thank.
Erika Danielsen: You yeah.
baird: Do I see a hand.
Charles Ver Straeten: This is chuck.
baird: It is.
Charles Ver Straeten: This is not necessarily a question for you Gordon but I was very struck by how the appearance of your time rock diagrams there in ways reflected what Jim showed us earlier.
baird: You have, yes, the Northwest Pennsylvania isn't a long way from being solved, because I think in some ways, maybe more unconformity in that pile than actual continuity.
baird: So it may each division becomes a little bit of an island unto itself.
Charles Ver Straeten: Yes, again It reminded me of the pattern that Jim was showing.
Alex: It would be interesting to know how those units in western PA like the Drake well and meadville area stuff correlate into that Cleveland stuff because I know that Eastern PA stuff has some pretty great fossil bearing strata, like those those economics and whatnot.
baird: Okay, the what we got out of the base basal part of the break well or both coma dance better of the coulee Addis own and we're going up, maybe into the customer service zone and that pretty much.
baird: overlaps, much of the Cleveland Okay, and the Drake well as all these bracket pods and ECHO nodes and many other things in there, so we can see at least what that font is, for the first time right.
yeah super cool.
Alex: Any other questions for Gordon.
James Ebert: Well, we are staying remarkably on schedule so.
James Ebert: Great if you would like to start sharing your screen, I will introduce you in just a minute.
Charles Ver Straeten: Sure, let me see if I can figure this out again.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay.
James Ebert: alright.
James Ebert: Our next speaker is chuck for stratton and he's going to let us know about the new publication coming out soon devonian of New York and new extensive volume on the North American standard succession or six section, excuse me take it away chuck.
Charles Ver Straeten: alright.
Charles Ver Straeten: i'm looking right there at Alex gym right below him.
Charles Ver Straeten: Many years ago Alex and I there's the first recognition that I have the beginnings of this project, but long ago Alex and I, at one point said, you know it might be interesting to.
Charles Ver Straeten: Go back and redo revise this figure that you see in your lower left part of my screen here sorry lower right part.
Charles Ver Straeten: And that's Larry richards lb records famous 1975 correlation of the devonian rocks in New York, a lot of work has been done since about 1970 when the work that shown, there would have been derived from.
Charles Ver Straeten: So the devonian community.
Charles Ver Straeten: involved in New York devonian decided to pursue this and come up with a new chart and, in contrast, what with with what Larry record provided with a 16 page document to go with it, we have quite a large volume to go with it with a lot of details.
Alex: Well chuck chuck yes, can you display full screen so because, right now, we can see the next slide and everything.
Charles Ver Straeten: Oh Okay, let me see.
Charles Ver Straeten: hide presenter view.
Charles Ver Straeten: That was.
Charles Ver Straeten: Yes, okay all right.
Alex: Thank there we go perfect Thank you jack Thank you.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay i'm gonna have to get out of all these.
Charles Ver Straeten: Pictures of people to how do I do that because I need to see the whole screen.
Charles Ver Straeten: i'm.
Charles Ver Straeten: Good.
Sean Cornell (he/his/him): In the upper right, you should see a view with a couple dots you can change that single.
Sean Cornell (he/his/him): To.
Charles Ver Straeten: i'm in the upper right now I don't see something like that maybe it's in that box hide non video participants Now I want to get rid of everybody.
Charles Ver Straeten: Almost.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay, here we go.
Charles Ver Straeten: i'm still having things cut out what I see on the screen.
Charles Ver Straeten: Sorry, everyone.
Paul Olsen: But we're not.
Charles Ver Straeten: you're not okay.
Charles Ver Straeten: No.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay, anyway, I don't know what to do with this stuff I can't see everything so.
Charles Ver Straeten: Again, this is a new blame that's coming out there's been a number of us involved in this in various ways, and it will be, it is scheduled to be coming out in the fall.
Charles Ver Straeten: Of 2021 published under paleontological research institutions bulletins of American paleontology it'll be available paper and digitally.
Charles Ver Straeten: OK so moving on.
Charles Ver Straeten: um as you look here in the upper right I sorry and the upper left up here, you see a map of the basic bedrock geology of New York and this large green belt, with an outlier here.
Alex: In his slides for us chuck sorry to interrupt you.
Charles Ver Straeten: say that again.
Alex: It didn't change slides.
For us change slides yeah.
Alex: At least not me.
Charles Ver Straeten: I thought this was supposed to be simple.
Alex: I know i'm sorry.
Charles Ver Straeten: No, no, what are you sorry bye.
Charles Ver Straeten: Everyone has to see what's my problem here yeah.
Charles Ver Straeten: I don't know how to fix it starting over.
Charles Ver Straeten: All right, can you see what's on my screen.
Alex: Okay.
Now.
Charles Ver Straeten: Go to.
Paul Olsen: Full screen go to that little thing in the lower right hand corner, where there's a smear where there's a slider.
Not quite.
Charles Ver Straeten: I want to hide presenter view.
Alex: eight.
Charles Ver Straeten: Now, do you see it.
Alex: No, can you get out of that for a second.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay, all right yeah.
Alex: What whoever chimed in there.
Paul Olsen: That was Paul.
Alex: That was Paul yeah thanks Paul.
Alex: Okay chuck if you go down to the bottom right where you can see that plus minus and the slider.
Alex: Just just to the left down.
Paul Olsen: Down down.
Alex: Down now over to the right.
Charles Ver Straeten: Oh, I see.
Alex: yeah, no, no.
Paul Olsen: No slider.
Alex: No, no, no, just to the left of that.
Alex: click that right there, yes click that.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay, you see it right.
Charles Ver Straeten: We don't want to get.
Charles Ver Straeten: rid of presenter view.
Jay Zambito: Okay, I think up at the top, it says display settings know.
Jay Zambito: backwards and display settings you may have to just disable presenter view.
Charles Ver Straeten: Sorry, tell me again, where it is.
Alex: Oh, now we can see it.
Charles Ver Straeten: Now you can see it.
Alex: We can see that map yeah.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay okay so there's this map.
Charles Ver Straeten: State New York.
Charles Ver Straeten: Green here is the bony and i'm sorry buddy I don't know why what the.
Alex: case we won't count it against your time limit okay.
Charles Ver Straeten: Here is a larger scale more detailed map showing divisions within the different periods and here is the devonian belt right through here.
Charles Ver Straeten: And this is quite a good portion of the shades of green to drab yellow through here is all devonian rock except for a few red spots down in here all right, some click again.
Charles Ver Straeten: devonian bedrock is found across 40% of New York state itself the devonian terrestrial I was surprised, which is a lot of my focus these days is actually 9.1% of New York state which is out in this region out here, largely.
Charles Ver Straeten: And then, finally, it is the North American standard succession for the devonian and has been since the 19th century mid 19th century.
Charles Ver Straeten: Moving on.
Charles Ver Straeten: Again I can't see the tough stuff at the top myself defoliant of New York here, and this is, as I said, the North American standard succession for the devonian is referred to by workers globally talking about devonian things.
Charles Ver Straeten: I don't know what's going on here there we go the first reports devonian rocks come from 1664 possibly even 1627 report of wheel, which might be well.
Charles Ver Straeten: This came from wells 1963 rickard LV record at the New York state museum geological survey did to correlation of the devonian rocks in New York charts in 1964 and 1975 following major mapping works in New York state.
Charles Ver Straeten: These were very significant research sources for a lot of us, I know that I have it sitting by my table mounted on a big piece of cardboard all the time.
Charles Ver Straeten: To look at in the 1975 version, there was a 16 page booklet and it involved very little detail, I will just point out, with my interest in the terrestrial roxy's days there were only four sentences that only referred to people who'd worked in the devonian terrestrial in New York.
Charles Ver Straeten: The new 21 2021 correlation to devonian rocks New York chart will include the chart with our current current.
Charles Ver Straeten: strata graphic synthesis of the devonian in New York, from a lot of work that's been done since 1975 this, in contrast to the 16 pages, will be a very large volume.
Charles Ver Straeten: There are multiple chapters by various experts many chapters are highly detailed that's one of the things we asked for and some of them really give a good summary of the strategic fee the sentimentality to paleontology and post 1970 research, basically, where we are at at this time.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay, I can't see what that says Oh yes, the list of the authors, right here, we see there are 20 co authors involved in this, all the way from Gordon Baird who's here today to jay's and beto who's here today.
Charles Ver Straeten: bill courage gasser here is deceased a few years ago, but he was so involved with the Friday and succession that he is there is a Co author and seven of the Members in this list are members of the international sub Commission on devonian strategically.
Charles Ver Straeten: The chief editors are myself Jeffrey over and don woodrow and the associate editors who helped us out a gym Everts Diana boyer who is mentioned in the last talk and amanda calista colossal.
Charles Ver Straeten: And, as I said, the publisher is paleontological research institution warrant omen, there is a great sponsor of this he's the director and Jonathan hendricks he's the director of their science communication he's the technical editor for this volume.
Charles Ver Straeten: is to be published, as I said in fall 21 in bolton's American pit paleontology it'll be available in both print and digital format.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay records chart as we see here in the big sheet.
Charles Ver Straeten: was played three from slurring devonian correlation charts.
Charles Ver Straeten: volume that came out and it's a corona strata graphic time rock chart, this is not with us to Timothy except in some cases with faces changes.
Charles Ver Straeten: At the Member level or um, but this is really a corona strata graphic Allah strata graphic time chart units at the group level units at the formation level are generally considered to be time rock units that the base and the top are the same age.
Charles Ver Straeten: um.
Charles Ver Straeten: This is the basic strategy graphic philosophy and practice of New York in the devonian and beyond, and this even started way back in the 19th century with with some work by James hall.
Charles Ver Straeten: This certainly rose later after that and became much more involved with other workers and a classic example is the work of of Gus.
Charles Ver Straeten: hooper back in G Arthur Cooper back in the 1930s on the Hamilton group again we're talking about time based photography.
Charles Ver Straeten: aloe to kronos photography we're talking about this cross cuts lipo strategic fee in many cases the little certificate, it is often applied at least at Member level, although the information is provided to and the strata show major faces.
Charles Ver Straeten: Little strata graphic faces across it this permits correlation based on time with other North American regions and global devonian strata.
Charles Ver Straeten: And this is a vital point, because as New York whoops i'm moved ahead too soon as New York come on.
Charles Ver Straeten: up as New York is the standard North American succession, we really need to organize our strategic up this way, so we can correlate to other regions.
Charles Ver Straeten: Okay.
Charles Ver Straeten: So on this chart we see here so much detail in there, but I put devonian here overall from the top read to the lower red bar lower middle and devonian here.
Charles Ver Straeten: there's been so much post 1975 research done on this lot of discoveries, a lot of reinterpretations that have happened over time.
Charles Ver Straeten: We saw a little of this already today there's been new methods and new concepts on how to approach.
Charles Ver Straeten: This photography, and this includes sequence to Timothy high resolution cyclic any event strategically which been used a lot both of those.
Charles Ver Straeten: isotope geochemistry magnetic susceptibility and some of the methods coming off of that and concepts volcanic Tetra or K bentonite correlations and new by strata graphics groups to a small degree, at least.
Charles Ver Straeten: here's an example, this is a section near cherry Valley, a bit East of the route a bit East of the outcrop said, Jim and his two students were talking about it cherry valley and what we see here is the cherry valley limestone here and the hurley Member here below it yes.
Charles Ver Straeten: I was trying to get myself and alarm but i'm behind this is the lower part called the early Member bako and black shales eastbourne black shields here different units visible there and.
Charles Ver Straeten: These belong to the Union springs and a wacky creek formations in the 90s 10 formalized in 2006 we split the marcellus formation into two formations three actually.
Charles Ver Straeten: and
Charles Ver Straeten: Then the marcellus is termed a subgroup so here's the contact between the lower marcellus and the upper marcellus here at cherry Valley.
Charles Ver Straeten: This is a section of the upper per cell Member, this is the same strata in central Pennsylvania near Newton Hamilton.
Charles Ver Straeten: And i'm going to start putting some lines in here here is the basic contact that you see across here the yellow line.
Charles Ver Straeten: These two laps positions are the same position, and this is a third order that positional sequence boundary we find the same foreigners, including this small try to bite in both of these units.
Charles Ver Straeten: We find these larger quantities i'm right here in this the same species in this and in this down here in New York and Pennsylvania.
Charles Ver Straeten: We can see two three subdivisions here of the cherry valley limestone in its type area, right here within the Pennsylvania succession central Pennsylvania.
Charles Ver Straeten: This is a section at the upper part of the Delaware limestone and central Ohio near Delaware itself, and this bed right here.
Charles Ver Straeten: marks the third base of this marks the third or the sequence boundary it has the same exact fauna, as we find it in the hurley Member here, and this part of the upper purcell and.
Charles Ver Straeten: So that was one example to talk about some of the correlations, this is another diagram, and this is what i've done with the onondaga limestone here in New York sections.
Charles Ver Straeten: And going there from there down into Central pains Pennsylvania down into Maryland West Virginia Virginia, all the way down to Southwest Virginia and into Central Ohio from right to left.
Charles Ver Straeten: And these are correlations all the little arrow marks are some of these volcanic altered volcanic aerosol tetris K bentonite spent nights many nights whatever you want to call them.
Charles Ver Straeten: and other market beds like this P here is a pyrite zone very close above this small pair of may have bent nights.
Charles Ver Straeten: tetris that you can find.
Charles Ver Straeten: quite some distance down through here not down into the southern most outcrops but there's a lot of correlations just carry State to State to State all right, what is the purpose of this volume to just jump out of that into this.
Charles Ver Straeten: And, really, the purpose of this overall is to update the understanding that Larry record had in 1975 of devonian strategic up in the State of New York.
Charles Ver Straeten: um what this now does is presents a new strategy drastic synthesis of all this, and not only new strategy graphics synthesis but a broader synthesis of the devonian strata, and what is in them in New York.
Charles Ver Straeten: it's going to be, in contrast to large text and graphics volume extensively detailed to assess future researchers.
Charles Ver Straeten: One of the things that we thought was very important is that.
Charles Ver Straeten: there's often a great massive.
Charles Ver Straeten: bit of knowledge lost on the retirement or passing on of veteran researchers, you know it's not possible to have Mr spock come pay a visit and do a mindmeld is that what it was.
Charles Ver Straeten: With like Carl Brett and Gordon Baird so part of this purpose was to really lay down the details, so there was a very clear record for veteran for future researchers.
Charles Ver Straeten: And this also then makes it a central source on devonian geology and paleontology in New York in the sense of being a plaster minor where you go through many, many, many, many different.
Charles Ver Straeten: scientific papers and field trip guides versus having an or body, where you have the pure or that you're searching for to mine things out of.
Charles Ver Straeten: All right, just right here i'm going to walk you very quickly through the chapters just an overview, so you have a sense of where this is lower middle and Upper devonian right here.
Charles Ver Straeten: And what we are talking about are really krona strata graphic units until we get down to Member level usually they're not live a strata graphic units, the color bands show the little certificate fee overall.
Charles Ver Straeten: And here is the information for chapters to to 11 Chapter one is actually a large overview that talks about the devonian as a whole.
Charles Ver Straeten: And the devonian in New York, but on the way to the New York after laying out new york's philosophy of strategically and are the points we taught the.
Charles Ver Straeten: The chapter talks about the devonian of North America, present an overview of that and the devonian of the eastern North America to talk about the acadian new acadian rods and he's.
Charles Ver Straeten: And volcanism at that time and foreigners awesome so just to wander up through this very quickly when it start at the bottom here.
Charles Ver Straeten: The first chapter is on the Bilderberg Group sorry the second chapter is on the Bilderberg The third is on the oriskany disco Harry formations.
Charles Ver Straeten: The fourth chapter is Ellen onondaga and marcellus strata, the fifth chapter is on the middle to upper housing group maize maze mainly from East central New York sorry.
Charles Ver Straeten: West Eastern New York to Western New York, the sixth chapter will be a short chapter that is on the middle dapper Hamilton marine strategy in eastern New York.
Charles Ver Straeten: Next telegenic sealed formations Gordon baird's leading that one, then the franny and strata that's the lower operative own in the frame for many for many and boundary interval.
Charles Ver Straeten: The many in here in New York and in general and part of what we heard from Gordon Baird just now on the dominion and how it correlates from New York into Pennsylvania in.
Charles Ver Straeten: Pennsylvania and into Ohio the final chapter is something new in the record booklet.
Charles Ver Straeten: of which only about seven of the pages actually we're about the devonian the rest of us learn.
Charles Ver Straeten: um there were only four sentences about the about the devonian terrestrial strategy so chapter 12 is a large overview of the strategic feed the sediment ology and the paleontology.
Charles Ver Straeten: And previous work done in the w terrestrial, especially since 1970.
Charles Ver Straeten: And i'm just going to run through this so quickly so dedication to start a preface and then the chapters, the overview in Chapter one.
Charles Ver Straeten: Of the devonian New York North America and globally, then the Bilderberg Group and the risk and you through scaring the lower devonian middle of onion there's four chapters four to seven there in the upper devonian there are.
Charles Ver Straeten: chapters that are for right there, and finally, closing with adobe and terrestrial chapter and contrast to the four sentences on the devonian terrestrial in.
Charles Ver Straeten: The record 1975 but booklet there are, I think about 130 pages of type material with 25 to 30 figures involved in it.
Charles Ver Straeten: Anyway, this is an overview of what's coming it's supposed to be out in the fall of 2021 thanks to paleontological research James sorry paleontological research institution and.
Charles Ver Straeten: Thank you very much for your attention.
James Ebert: Thank you chuck unfortunately we don't have time for questions if you could stop sharing your screen then Peter you could bring up your presentation.
Peter Drzewiecki: To be Kelly up.
James Ebert: Great okay our next speaker is Peter does wiki and he will be reevaluating the deposition environments within Jurassic strata of the heart for basin and refining the deposition apply a model in a profound unconformity from our previous devonian talks.
Peter Drzewiecki: that's right well, thank you very much for sticking around zero right now we're going to move.
Peter Drzewiecki: up in the section and a little more to the east, for the last two talks i'm going to present some work that Randy Stein and I have been doing, probably for about the last decade or so trying to better understand the Playa strata within the drastic East Berlin and lower portland formations.
trying to get this to.
Peter Drzewiecki: it's not advancing oh there it is okay so briefly we're going to give an introduction to the George was setting.
Peter Drzewiecki: Talk about the faces and interpreted environments, including some microbiome match, which are we started recognizing a few years ago and then i'm going to shift over to talk primarily about the Playa faces the dry lake beds.
Peter Drzewiecki: And how we can use things like finding up or successions she fled deposits and intervals with covenant nodules and pet genetic alteration to try to better correlate the strata and then we'll work on a few conclusions.
Peter Drzewiecki: As a first we'll talk about the background here.
Peter Drzewiecki: On the harford basin now or we're moving out of portland basins and into a riff base in here it's located in central Connecticut and up into Western Massachusetts.
Peter Drzewiecki: The base itself, and this bedrock map is about 150 kilometers long north, south and about 30 kilometers wide east, west cross section here shows that it's an asymmetric half Robin founded on the East by the eastern border fault system.
Peter Drzewiecki: And it was created, in association with the lifting of pangea and the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean back in the late traffic and early drastic times the base in itself contains about five kilometers of sediment film.
Peter Drzewiecki: The lowest unit is a new haven our clothes at flavio and then we get into a middle section here that includes the shuttle Middle East Berlin and the lower pull information and three basalt units.
Peter Drzewiecki: And these were deposited at a time when substance was at its maximum and 15 with as maximum and these units tend to be.
Peter Drzewiecki: makes in deposition finer grain lake bed, and finally the upper portland is returned to flip your deposits at substance decreased in the basin and we're going to concentrate on the lower portland and the East for the information which are early drastic in age.
Peter Drzewiecki: And most of data that that we're looking at comes from an area just south of hartford so in the southern end of the base in there we'll look at.
Peter Drzewiecki: Some outcrops that came from the East Berlin and crime well and also from dancer state Park, and these are mostly East for the information.
Peter Drzewiecki: And then we'll look at some some core sets that come one from downtown hartford and to a long trans sex from south of the city which examine primarily pull information, but have some essential information in them as well.
Peter Drzewiecki: So now just moving on to look quickly at the faces and the environments that we observe, first, I wanted to mention that there are two faces.
Peter Drzewiecki: associations, there is basically a lake perennial lake faces Association, which includes this first to that the face they'll talk about and then there's a dryer Playa like Association, which includes a for additional faces.
Peter Drzewiecki: But the lake association contains the very conspicuous units of carbonaceous much stone, though the darkest call units using dark Gray or black.
Peter Drzewiecki: they're mostly much done with some things so stoning cabinet layers and they're enriched in carbon when analyzed one to 4% total organic carbon and they're also noted for having lots of fish fossils So these are interpreted as deep renewal rates.
Peter Drzewiecki: Normally right above and below the carbonaceous milestone, we find grey colored structuralist or planar bedded much stone.
Peter Drzewiecki: Mostly Gray, but it can be reddish brown particularly it with with further distance away from the carbonaceous milestone.
Peter Drzewiecki: Often they're structured list or just bedded but they can't contain some wave ripples in some current ripples and office you know occasionally some bureaus and mighty cracks So these are interpreted also be late.
Peter Drzewiecki: deposits, but shallower or femoral lakes, or possibly late margins, not as deep as a combination much own.
Peter Drzewiecki: The next four phases, are part of the dryer Playa association and what the first of those is a rippled much stone which is basically generally reddish brown in color can be Gray, sometimes if it's close in proximity to the combinations much tones.
Peter Drzewiecki: Typically milestones or getting into some cell phones are very fine stands those that have lots of current ripples in them.
Peter Drzewiecki: Sometimes as ripples are climbing other times there's some some wave ripples.
Peter Drzewiecki: And they can be imprinted with over over printed by some burrows your raindrop imprint and mighty cracks as well, and these are interpreted to be flooded events, whereas instead of always brought into the Playa environment and it's spread out across play on mud flats or San flats.
Peter Drzewiecki: i'm often associated with that is another faces i'm going to disrupted much don't also typically reddish brown in color but, again, can be Gray, at times.
Peter Drzewiecki: And it is a contains a mixture of sand and mud, sometimes we can see, you know some some nice layers of sand in phenomenally might face he's or some mighty cracks but sometimes it's more there's more thorough mixing.
Peter Drzewiecki: Where we interpret as being from the shrinking and swelling of the mud as it's what yeah and and then dries out in association with swell forming processes might cracks and convoluted betting our common sometimes we get carbonate nodules which aren't up to be we they had to groundwater.
Peter Drzewiecki: evaporation and groundwater.
Peter Drzewiecki: Top of the water table and sometimes it's structuralist but we interpret this as being plan my flat phases that have undergone exposure and ketogenic or soil forming processes.
Peter Drzewiecki: And the another faces we see our sandstone beds that are usually very light in color compose and find a coarse grained sandstone that can have trough prospecting like the low angle trough transmitting here.
Peter Drzewiecki: oftentimes they have very sharp and running surfaces and they can contain a rip up classic you see at the bottom here.
Peter Drzewiecki: These are also interpreted to be sheet side deposits fun events that come into the Beijing carrying the course or sediment that spreads out across the plus and flats or mud flats.
Peter Drzewiecki: And finally, we last face it will look at our crinkly laminated much sooner sandstone they can be reddish Brown and Gray, and the thing that makes them they characterize them is this very crinkly or regular nomination.
Peter Drzewiecki: Where tiffany's to be microbial mats that form on empire, or sometimes within the bottom of show a femoral lakes.
Peter Drzewiecki: These are just been important things have been recognized over the last few years, a little more so, just a few words on that if you're not familiar with what microbial mats are.
Peter Drzewiecki: There are thin organic you know biofilms that are composed of a complex assemblage of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria or i'll kill bacteria and print zones and also.
Peter Drzewiecki: fun guy and they usually inhabit wet or damp surfaces today, they can be found in all environments from deserts to Antarctic ice.
Peter Drzewiecki: But they're very common in places like pliers and tighter flats and certain lake margins.
Peter Drzewiecki: Where they are not being consumed by grazing organisms, so they they they are at the bottom of the food chain and they tend to be West best developed in places where there are no grazers whether the environment is hospitable to these these grazers.
Peter Drzewiecki: they're important to the geological record because they act to bind sediment and reduce erosion and help to preserve cemetery structures such as dinosaur tracks.
Peter Drzewiecki: And they're recognized on this bedding service as of layers expose it dinosaur state Park, which contains over 750 dinosaur tracks.
Peter Drzewiecki: Some of the features, we see there on the bedding services include irregular cracks.
Peter Drzewiecki: Which are thought to be matt tears or a regular wrinkles, which is where the matter bunching up a little bit as a slide on above the sediment surface.
Peter Drzewiecki: There are also small little domes that are have a little craters in them, and these are thought to be ruptured gas stones were gassed build up from decay of the mat deeper down.
Peter Drzewiecki: You know yet just builds up and push up a little Dome and then it POPs.
Peter Drzewiecki: We also see some elongated features little mountains that are thought to be similar to San shadows, which is where a perturbation on the mound.
Peter Drzewiecki: creates a shadow for the wind blows over that flat surface and allows them to accumulate in the wake of the feature, and for me long gated regular features, we see here.
Peter Drzewiecki: And finally, in the bottom of some of the footprints we see wrinkly structures, like you see here that maybe from a mat that's pushed down and as a dancer stepped on it.
Peter Drzewiecki: Right, so that is the, the first thing I want to talk about now what I want to do is talk about how these Playa deposits are actually built up.
Peter Drzewiecki: In time, and that comes from recognizing some signing up or successions that are very, very common within the Playa strata, we see them very well developed in course where we just get better exposures and we get an outcrop.
Peter Drzewiecki: Their desk meter scale up to maybe about a meter they often have very sharp erosive basis, like you see at the bottom of this core here.
Peter Drzewiecki: And then they fine upwards usually the bottom of them has rippled Silverstone or very famous dancer.
Peter Drzewiecki: And they find upwards into much stones sometimes it's sort of structure list or we get some mighty cracks at the top.
Peter Drzewiecki: This one's construction us with a few minute cracks and sometimes like in the example on the right there more disrupted and it's something we also find Harvard at nodules on there.
Peter Drzewiecki: So to synthesize this what we generally see is is a ripple base, that is, we think is is basically one of these fun events that that brings sediment out into the pliers.
Peter Drzewiecki: Sometimes the top of the current ripples have a little wave rippled surface where water may have accumulated on top of the of the sheet for deposits temporarily and we work, the surface there.
Peter Drzewiecki: And then we get into finer grained much stone above that has lots of evidence of pathogenic alteration contorted betting.
Peter Drzewiecki: My you know my next project nodules of the senior moment, and so we interpret them as fun events that are followed by extended periods of exposure and pet genetic alteration.
Peter Drzewiecki: Just to give a quick review of what of how companies are either a series of.
Peter Drzewiecki: Subsequent core boxes that shown entire 40 foot package of player rocks and reddish brown here between a lake that at the top and a leg down at the bottom.
Peter Drzewiecki: And the yellow arrows show these finding upward successions so these plays strata when when there were exposed tend to be formed have both vertical and we assume a lateral amalgamation of these is fun events fall by periods of exposure.
Peter Drzewiecki: last thing i'd like to do is is to get into how we kind of can correlate some of these strata and we'll use some of the features already talked about.
Peter Drzewiecki: But when you're doing with the lower portland and the East Berlin formation and your correlating from outcrop outcrop or quarter quarter.
Peter Drzewiecki: i'm usually rely on the presence of the black shale formations, but sometimes you just don't have the black shells.
Peter Drzewiecki: or sometimes it's not as easy to correlate them as you might think so we're beginning to look at things within the Playa strata that we may be able to correlate.
Peter Drzewiecki: So one of the things that we, we can correlate over a relatively short distances are the sheet thought deposits, the sand zones here's a planar better one here's the one I showed earlier.
Peter Drzewiecki: Again, these are interpreted REP represents single fun events and, as such, they're basically old old time marker of a single flood event.
Peter Drzewiecki: And in outcrops we can trace them over 10s of meters, I think, is i'll demonstrate later on that and course maybe 100 meters or more, so you can correlate them between clumsy space course.
Peter Drzewiecki: here's just some examples of them in core is relatively small and a few centimeters thick here's a on the right is a meter thick one of these events and it's got a rip up class at the bottom with trough cross bidding war in the middle and then you get to ripple.
Peter Drzewiecki: sandstone I think at the top.
Peter Drzewiecki: Another feature that's been very useful for correlating within the pious are permanent nodules usually dolemite and they're found within the reddish brown much don't.
Peter Drzewiecki: We also see them so that within grayer a milestone beds, but they're interpreted to form at the top of the water table.
Peter Drzewiecki: By evaporation of water at the top of the water table, so they are related to Paleo hydro geological conditions where you have evaporation at top of the water table which will concentrate the evaporated minerals and allow them to precipitate they're.
Peter Drzewiecki: Under you know within the sediment below the surface of the Playa and often what we see is a distinct break instead of graphics section this outcrop here, we see that.
Peter Drzewiecki: above this dashed white line there are no nodules whereas below we get a concentration of the yellowish nodules right below that line, and then a few more if you go down.
Peter Drzewiecki: You see, the it's about a meter thick of these, and this probably represents the top of the water table for extended period of time during this pilot deposition.
Peter Drzewiecki: Alright, so the test says, I just two quick data sets here one from the south.
Peter Drzewiecki: From the Parker a tunnel system south of hartford in the lower portland formation, and this is one where we have three closely spaced wells, if you hundred Peter cores rather a few hundred feet apart and.
Peter Drzewiecki: We have verified the correlation of these lake beds through geochemistry we've looked at geochemistry than the minor in the trace and minor and.
Peter Drzewiecki: trace element, competition and we can correlate these together quite well, so what we're gonna do is is look at the Playa spaces in between them with zoom in a little bit here.
Peter Drzewiecki: and show this correlation and one thing we can note is that we can't find exact science zones of nodules in the Playa strata, which are the orange strategy here.
Peter Drzewiecki: Between these two wells, you see a dealer layer that correlates across those two l's and below we find nodules a correlate of between these three wells a few hundred feet, apart from each other, sometimes we get nodules that don't acute don't seem to show up in neighboring wells.
Peter Drzewiecki: And sometimes we get the nigel's even the Gray beds, you know where we.
Peter Drzewiecki: Were with with is blue correlation here.
Peter Drzewiecki: The other thing that we looked at was he she thought deposit and.
Peter Drzewiecki: The sheep, floods or other sandstone shown in yellow and when you have individual sheet clouds like this one it's hard to trace and laterally for any great distance.
Peter Drzewiecki: And more than hundred feet there's one up here that we can't trace, but sometimes like up here we get clusters of these sheet flood beds, that we can trace two clusters in nearby wells.
Peter Drzewiecki: And down here, we could do the same thing with this cluster interested in three cores and perhaps this represents times, where there's higher rainfall in the area and more floods being said i'm going out into the basins, so that we can use those for correlation.
Peter Drzewiecki: last thing I want to show is just some very quick a transit have some density space wells in the agent landing.
Peter Drzewiecki: project in downtown hartford there's over 78 cores were drilled but they usually only about five to 10 feet thick.
Peter Drzewiecki: But there is a nice strikes section along Columbia boulevard that could be teens at wells, where we can test how well these things correlate.
Peter Drzewiecki: And so the next two slides show that there, there is basically 18 wells this the southern end over here.
Peter Drzewiecki: And throughout these next two slides you'll see that in yellow, these are the sheep funds that we can deposit and you.
Peter Drzewiecki: That we can follow, and we can see them usually between two Jason course sometimes a third.
Peter Drzewiecki: same thing with these orange lines which are the base of prominent finding upward sequences we can correlate them between two sometimes three wells.
Peter Drzewiecki: But the Gray interval up here is a interval dominated by nodules and other pageant features that we can see in the in the southern three wells.
Peter Drzewiecki: Of the next for wealth are too deep, then we pick it up again and, if we continue along north, we can trace it for various wells.
Peter Drzewiecki: kind of disappears for a while we can't we don't have good evidence of the pageant alteration, but then it comes back again in the northern to wells, but we can't trace it pretty conclusively for about 1000 feet.
Peter Drzewiecki: So just in conclusion here, I just want to say that the East Berlin and lower portland formations are characterized by cycles apply it and pretty late strata and we're now recognizing microbial matches important in the definition of the strata.
Peter Drzewiecki: pleasure themselves are comprised of vertically amalgamated and let and assume many laterally amalgamated finding up with successions.
Peter Drzewiecki: interpreted to represent these unconfined floods that enter the Playa and then for our fall by periods of exposure and soil formation.
Peter Drzewiecki: Of the Cabinet nodules can be used to help correlate and also they reflect pale hydrological conditions of the basin.
Peter Drzewiecki: And finally, we can use the sheet foot beds and the basis of finding upward successions to correlate strata between outcrops and wells over maybe a few hundred feet or so, but the zones that project features and these carbon Nanotubes can be traced for over 1000 feet.
Peter Drzewiecki: And that's it that's not the time for questions or not.
James Ebert: Thank you, Peter unfortunately we don't have any time for questions if you could, if those of you who want to ask Peter questions if you could put them in the chat.
James Ebert: In the meeting program that would be best, and so we will continue our last talk in the Jurassic again is astro chronology and correlation of Jurassic strata of the deerfield rift base in.
James Ebert: Massachusetts USA in relation to major dinosaur footprint Baron levels in our speaker is Paulson well it's all yours.
Paul Olsen: All right, thank you.
Paul Olsen: So purpose of this talk because basically can everybody see this this.
Paul Olsen: slide first of all.
James Ebert: Yes, yes.
Paul Olsen: Okay, good so.
Paul Olsen: The purpose of this talk is to basically place classic footprint localities and the deerfield basin into Australia graphic and temporal framework.
Paul Olsen: There are six parts of this talk, all of which are really short.
Paul Olsen: In which i'll talk about the history of major discoveries an overview of the geology the simplicity and the orchestra and straight of the deerfield base and the largest scale cyclists are tigger fee.
Paul Olsen: That allows us to put things in a in a in a temporal framework and comparison to the hartford Newark basins and then.
Paul Olsen: Talk finally about the astra chronology the individual track bearing levels of the deerfield base.
Paul Olsen: So first hitchcockian history major discoveries, so there are basically five main characters that are involved in the story.
Paul Olsen: that are responsible for the footprint classical footprint localities and in deerfield basing their Dexter marsh, who was a.
Paul Olsen: quarry operator in an established family in in in the deerfield area James Dean, who was a medical doctor and we're hitchcock, who was the Reverend edge of hitchcock President of amherst college eventually and two other.
Paul Olsen: collectors and business people in the area rozell field and Timothy Stoughton now these three people Dexter marsh rozell field.
Paul Olsen: Stoughton when today today be called commercial fossil collectors and they augmented their various activities by selling.
Paul Olsen: Selling footprints largely Ted hitchcock in 1835 Dexter marsh found the very first set of footprints that became scientifically recognized as important.
Paul Olsen: They were passed on through initial meteor to Dr Dean would then pass them on to Edward hitchcock within published on them, the next year in 1836 it's been 286 years.
Paul Olsen: Since the discovery of the of the footprints of Dexter marsh and there and 265 since the public first publication by hitchcock, and this is the actual slab.
Paul Olsen: That was found by Dexter Mars passed on this guy named Wilson, and then to James Dean, and then not hitchcock and it was used in the plan was to use it as a as a stone at stones for.
Paul Olsen: walkways and so forth, but it was deemed too important for that and it became very, very famous very rapidly and hitchcock within a few years had access to many roles within one year had access to many examples of footprints.
Paul Olsen: here's the 1836 publication, in which he established what is now known as you brought these gigantic.
Paul Olsen: At that time, Warner thick 90s gigantic, and this is the track, one of the things it is diverse is alpha clara's That was the one the very first track that march found.
Paul Olsen: So now we'll talk about an overview what i'd basically like to do is put the individual classic localities into a strata graphic framework.
Paul Olsen: then put those in a cycle strata graphic framework and then develop a temporal framework for that so deerfield basin is the northern extension, the Connecticut valley rift.
Paul Olsen: And it's part of enormous series of rift valley that form the initial breakup of the supercontinent a pen je a period of time that was punctuated by the eruption of the Central Atlantic magnetic province.
Paul Olsen: giant series a lava flow that in the deerfield base and is represented by the deerfield basalt so here's a map of the basin there's a border fault on the east side the straight a dip from from west to east and here's that deerfield basalt of the Central Atlantic magnetic province.
Paul Olsen: whoops sorry in 1992 my colleague Nick Nick Nick McDonnell phil you burn Bruce cornet published a guidebook for for New England intercollegiate.
Paul Olsen: Conference and, in that we tried an initial breakup of the various localities.
Paul Olsen: into units that we thought had temporal significance thinking that we could fix them to this 400,000 year cyclists at that's turned out to be correct, but we have much better ways of looking at that now so here's a here's a close up view of the deerfield basin and.
Paul Olsen: here's a here's the section through there i've taken the lidar and super impose the geology from individual quadrangle mats and mount toby formation, is a fine to course unit.
Paul Olsen: That that occupies the straight position strata graphic position above the deerfield basalt and that's the source of the vast majority.
Paul Olsen: Of the footprints there's a unit, called the fall river beds under the basalt which also produces rare.
Paul Olsen: tracks, but they've never been described, and they haven't contributed much to our understanding, so far, so we're going to concentrate on footprint localities within that toby formation so let's take a close up of that area.
Paul Olsen: And we're going to look at three classical sets of footprints which enormous numbers of sites from an enormous numbers of footprints had been produced.
Paul Olsen: here's a close up with dips and strikes from various quadrangle maps APP probably those of willard and bain and we'll look at a transit going across this way along the Connecticut river, so the first locality is is a an area called a.
Paul Olsen: hiscox cut i'm not exactly sure how that's supposed to be pronounced but there it is.
Paul Olsen: it's this region around the great falls damn on the Connecticut river and then another location at Barton cove and then another one at the horse race along the Connecticut so let's look at some measured sections.
Paul Olsen: From which fossils have been found in these areas, so here's the pesky cut section going from the basalt up to the damn.
Paul Olsen: there's a fault series of faults are here, so the exact thickness of this intervals on certain but the rest of it is continuously exposed.
Paul Olsen: And it's full of footprints it really it's a very, very rich there's actually a level down here I didn't mark that also has a lot of footprints and there's Barton cove the highest rated graphically higher.
Paul Olsen: location and horse race now all of these sections are characterized by alternation of shallow to Playa sediments with perennial lake sequences.
Paul Olsen: That often have a fossil fish with the shallow water sequence having these dinosaur footprint know the reptile locations, the individual a.
Paul Olsen: shallow too deep too shallow sequences called event houghton cycle and their average measurements of those cycles are shown down here for these three different sections.
Paul Olsen: So let's take a look first at the pest gamma cut section here's a Google earth view of the of this area here's the island with that name here's the basalt as a fall through here and.
Paul Olsen: Most of the footprint quarries were developed in this particular area in this region and in this region here.
Paul Olsen: outcrop spectacular when the when the when the dam is closed and the water levels low, and you can easily measure section through there.
Paul Olsen: And here's an example of two of these van houghton cycles a black shale here shallow water, you know with footprints and another black share with fossil fish and deep mud cracks above that.
Paul Olsen: If you look at the black shells themselves, this is the most prolific in terms of the fossil fish it's a very famous unit for thousands of fish over the over 180 years and actually longer than that since 1818.
Paul Olsen: Roughly that black shale is thrown into these beautiful recumbent folds that are stretched out which are relatively easy to see.
Paul Olsen: obliquely but are hard to see if you look straight in on them, and these are things that are not generally recognized in the sequence because there's just so low angle, the hard to see, but you can see the nose of a fold.
Paul Olsen: Clearly, right here, but they're they're beautifully developed in the sections probably overtaken by a factor free for just this this interval the, as I mentioned, you get the perennial lake sequences Peters described very similar that you spill in with the same kinds of fish.
Paul Olsen: In the deeper water units and then the shallow water units have have a footprints going to a Barton cove next you have a have a.
Paul Olsen: 123 Manhattan cycles in a row, the lower one is doesn't have a deep water unit, but has a relatively more.
Paul Olsen: perennial like sequence overlain by footprint bearing deposits that's at Barton cove these are these are punch pools of the Connecticut river during a just post playful times and.
Paul Olsen: The footprint localities are located in here and there were developed as quarries by several of these.
Paul Olsen: These commercial collectors and you can see the cycles very obviously in the outcrops in the woods and here's the little the pond corey this was a major.
Paul Olsen: corey developed by roswell field and then taken over by by Timothy Stoughton that produced thousands of footprints.
Paul Olsen: Many of which ended up amherst college, but many which were also export globally, for example, this is, these are all in amherst in the museum, this is anime corvus.
Paul Olsen: going from very shallow waters slightly deeper water beautiful anchors orifice musculus with skin impressions and the ubiquitous you bronte's gigantic this and this particular slide was the source of the.
Paul Olsen: The classic drawing by law of you bronte's like gigantic that you can see all over the place.
Paul Olsen: going up higher in the section, there are too dark shale units that are have curious dark shales.
Paul Olsen: They are broken into these very famous bridges and Barton cove, but if you look at them oblique way you can actually see that these are broken Chevron folds.
Paul Olsen: And when you look at their noses it looks like a breath of when you look at the sides, you can recognize the Chevron fault.
Paul Olsen: now going to the horse race higher up section, this is an incredibly prolific locality, with just basically footprint level after footprint level there are.
Paul Olsen: These these fossil beetle larvae called mama qualities which are quite common, this is the outcrop even at the current high level of the damn Connecticut river.
Paul Olsen: There are beautiful outcrops will in this area of the horse race and they produced remarkable numbers of footprints and post Edward hitchcock.
Paul Olsen: Post 1865 the bulk of footprints that were collected in this region and shipped, for example, to Yale were collected by by Timothy Stoughton in the horse race area that, and that includes things like autism minus and and various other footprint locations and footprint types pardoning.
Paul Olsen: So there are two other intervals that are less well known that we have identified there's the bissell corey and then the roswell field corey the bissell fairy Cory.
Paul Olsen: was present at the position of an old suspension bridge called the red or upper suspense suspension bridge between.
Paul Olsen: Between Gil Massachusetts and montague Massachusetts and there was a faery that was called bissell square fairy before this.
Paul Olsen: bridge was put in and that purchase dawn now and water levels very much higher and here's a view of that area.
Paul Olsen: from the other side of the River in 1907 before they raised the level of the of the Connecticut river to this point, so the only thing you can see in this area in our the abutment of this bridge the bridge is gone.
Paul Olsen: And the outcrop here, which was the location of the missiles fairy outcrop is also gone and that produce things like ODA zoom and anime percent a variety of other tracks in largely grade but not exclusively grey straighter.
Paul Olsen: In shallow lakes, so, then the next locality is roswell field corey that was that's shown here in this 1858 Franklin county.
Paul Olsen: map and here's the House of roswell field, and you can see right next to that says bird track locality.
Paul Olsen: And field operate this quarry as as well as a number of other quarries and this one produced a lot of classic footprints and I had the pleasure of meeting.
Paul Olsen: People who lived right next to the site, the Ana and and quickie in the 1990s and they can be shared with me their their understanding the history of that area and pointed out.
Paul Olsen: This area that at Gregory also knows about where you had the actual corey area that field was working in next to his house.
Paul Olsen: And this produce really classic material like this specimen of a theropod dinosaur set of tracks and this one is particularly interesting because it's the sitting one.
Paul Olsen: And this was recognized by hitchcock and roll is a sitting dinosaur and only it's knuckles are impressed of its hands.
Paul Olsen: So, then the next locality, is the oldest one of marsh which has not been clarified in the past, although with them sitting in plain view.
Paul Olsen: marshes quarry as a series of quotes here I won't read through but basically the descriptions by marcia and others at the time can locate this and Southwestern montague not in the terms falls region, but in but further south and and.
Paul Olsen: At Taylor Hill and it's shown in this map of hitchcock in this position in Southwest monique you.
Paul Olsen: So that's where this tracking from the very first one to be to be found so now let's turn to the cyclist photography and what we can do with this information, as we mentioned that the sections are cyclical.
Paul Olsen: We can correlate the lower section from the deerfield basalt up to this lucasian unit, you know it's about 300 meters at a pesky on Scott.
Paul Olsen: And, and that correlates beautifully to the East Berlin and to walk out formations in the hartford in Newark basin.
Paul Olsen: And when we look at 40 analysis of the lake level curve, you can see the Ben howland cycles here, having these two modes.
Paul Olsen: One slightly thinner and shorter one slightly thicker and longer, and then the 40 analysis of thickness of this section shows the exact same cyclists sitting with the average being 18.5 centimeters due to precession of the equinoxes.
Paul Olsen: But when you look at this, you can also see that there'd be an x and the you would expect to see.
Paul Olsen: Both 100,000 year if and if it were long enough, a 400,000 year cycle, but, in theory, if these really are these orbital cycles, you can extrapolate from these to the thickness of these, even if you can't see them.
Paul Olsen: Although in the walk on East Berlin, you certainly can so now let's take these locations that we've identified so far we can take the average.
Paul Olsen: van houghton cycle thickness we know for the triassic early Jurassic the average procession cycle period was.
Paul Olsen: About 20,000 years that gives you an accumulation rate of point nine meters per thousand years there's about 1600 meters in all of these assemble just.
Paul Olsen: And that gives us the duration and killing years of about 1,000,780 1,780,000 years and that's 4.4 405 405,000 year cycles, we can put that.
Paul Olsen: right on here because it's on us soil with the peak being on the Gray and black shales within the within the section at the bottom and then march up and you can see where the position of these other localities are.
Paul Olsen: With the horse race being the youngest lupin fields query missiles fairy marshes corey and the pesky on chorus.
Paul Olsen: So now we make can make a comparison between this photography done holy within that basin and and the new work in hartford basis so there's that cyclists at here was work we did in Dennis camp and I did in 2008 and engineering Shaw, and others in.
Paul Olsen: With the Paleo MAC section from the Newark hartford base and next to the sequence, and you can see there's a.
Paul Olsen: This this basalt here correlates with the hot with the deerfield basalt and we have a bunch of uranium lead dates showing unequivocably that these are horrible cycles and then a very good match globally.
Paul Olsen: To to, for example, to the UK with this Paleo MAC section, this makes a prediction for the deerfield basing that we would anticipate to see.
Paul Olsen: To go to outcrops say at the top of the horse race section, and it should be a reverse polarity so we can test This correlation we don't just have to make a narrative.
Paul Olsen: We can actually check to see if it's correct because the very specific predictions made by this.
Paul Olsen: made by this correlation assuming that's correct, you can now put a veneer of an inn in hundred thousand year increments across the deerfield based in section.
Paul Olsen: Which using these as fiduciary and then with this information, we can identify where the tangents and and Maria and.
Paul Olsen: Age boundary is so the triassic extinction is somewhere down here in the upper sugar low far coast and then, and then the tangi and really and boundary would be someone above that just below the deerfield basalt.
Paul Olsen: And, and then we have the now can place the tangents and working boundary here.
Paul Olsen: This is very similar to what we worked out in 1992 it's basically the same thing, but we have much better ability to identify the sites now because.
Paul Olsen: Almost all the documents on their Internet we don't want to spend weeks traveling around the different repositories to get the various papers, we can make those things from our desktops and it's a good thing, during Cobra time.
Paul Olsen: So we can then because we have uranium lead date stamped in here and the lava flows and a astra chronology through the later had tangent and cinema Korean we can make direct comparison to lead dates and.
Paul Olsen: Running with dates in Peru and various ammonite level, so now we can recognize what ammonite should be correlative with the footprints say in the horse race sequence and recognize.
Paul Olsen: That, in fact, the horse race sequence is of cinema Korean age and is the youngest in the entire new supergroup which is wonderful, because there are many hundreds of footprints.
Paul Olsen: From those beds quarried by Timothy Stoughton and others, now we can take this a step further and just put it all in.
Paul Olsen: A framework in the hartford beer base and we divided.
Paul Olsen: The Jurassic section, the series of Members which correspond roughly to this 400,000 year cycle, which we call them the clock on cycle to physical entity.
Paul Olsen: As a map mobile unit, and therefore they could be labeled as members and we'd like to do the same thing within the deerfield base and, of course, keeping those Members those names separate so we're not just assuming how they correlate.
Paul Olsen: A difference of courses you don't have the equivalent of a Hampton basalt in the deerfield base and or Talca basalt so now all the footprint localities can be placed in this temporal.
Paul Olsen: framework and, finally, after 186 years we at least know what the sequences so the conclusion the classic 19th century dinosaur another reptile footprint assemblages.
Paul Olsen: spanned nearly two kilometers of largely custer in a marginal custom straighter their cyclical within houghton cycles and we can correlate them to the East Berlin.
Paul Olsen: there's a hierarchy of cycles that, let us extrapolate to recognize the 400,000 year cycle these cycles can be correlated one to one to the hartford basin and used.
Paul Olsen: As a basis for defining morphological Members as the Newark and hard for drastic drastic sections, the classic footprints.
Paul Olsen: assemble just cannot be placed in this aspect from a logical framework and they spend a tire a tangent age of the early Jurassic into the early Sumerian.
Paul Olsen: Age hypothesis can be tested by targeted Paleo magnetic sampling the Barton coven horse race members that amount toby formation, the horse race footprints assemblage of the youngest documented in all of Eastern North America.
Paul Olsen: Thank you, thanks, Sarah Doyle and and Gregory and many, many others.
James Ebert: Thank you, Paul.
Alex: yeah that was great.
James Ebert: If you could stop sharing your screen our.
James Ebert: concluding remarks here are really sort of a summary and a chance for anyone to ask questions of any of our speakers that are still with us.
James Ebert: But first I want to say thank you to all of our presenters some really fascinating science this afternoon was great.
James Ebert: And thank you to those in attendance, who stuck with us through the whole thing so with that, if there are questions for any of the speakers or comments about any of the talks, or any of the sessions, the field is wide open.
Alex: We had one come through in the chat from Paul Washington for Paul here that said a given that you have noted folds and the falls in it Barton cove, how do you know that these are not duplications of the same cycles.
Paul Olsen: At Barton cove you can walk up there are differences amongst the cycles they're not identical, so it board and code, you can walk right up the hillside see that there that they're they're not duplicated they're not fault duplicated, for example.
Paul Olsen: there's there there in a monoclonal structure, and you can see the physical relationships, these are not folds form during sedimentation they formed after after the beds were.
Paul Olsen: The beds above them or also present so they're basically sheer betting playing shear and if the units at being shared Doc the like it was it turns falls you get a nice smooth folds if they're brutal they break up into these branches, but you can still recognize the folds on the.
Paul Washington: Side that's not exactly brutal that's not exactly ductile when you get shoved RON paul's.
Paul Olsen: In the.
Paul Washington: chef road fields, these are.
Paul Olsen: Not the Chevron for.
Paul Olsen: The ductus holds attorneys for.
Paul Washington: These are all.
Paul Washington: These are all associated with some post a basin thrusting that actually affects the whole base and and there's actually some cleavage planes that you can see some space cleavage their control, how do you know that you don't have a duplication of the system.
Paul Olsen: In at what scale are you talking about apart and cove returns false department.
Paul Washington: Well i'm talking about you're talking about you've got the sheer zones, how do you know that they're not duplicating the section, so that.
Paul Olsen: I say so they understand what you're saying yeah.
Paul Olsen: Because the cycles are not exactly the same so for example at lily pond that's a red bed cycle, but the little Gray Ben at the bottom it doesn't have any shale black shale at all the next one up has has.
Paul Olsen: A relatively thick black shale, and it and great bed laminated grey beds above that and then the next one up doesn't have as well developed black Shell, they have individual character, so if they were fault repeated you'd expect to see that character repeated.
Paul Washington: Which except that the accepted the bases changes are fairly rapid over over fairly short distances and so duplication.
Paul Olsen: pad you know that's.
Paul Washington: Making a do.
bases from one place.
Paul Olsen: How do you how do you know that.
Paul Olsen: From the last you know.
Paul Washington: Listening to.
Paul Washington: The patient so it's fairly rapid.
Paul Olsen: So well they are in parts of the section, but in other parts of the section they're not so in the perennial lake sequences there the lateral changes are very, very slow.
Paul Olsen: And you can see, this very clearly in the east East Berlin formation, for example, where the laminated settlements.
Paul Olsen: can be traced, even the individual lemony at the scale of 10s of kilometers or more, and I sure Peter will agree, because he's still around yes, that that's the case for the perennial like sequences.
Paul Olsen: In the shower water lake sequences yes, you have more rapid lateral changes, but not in the not in the deeper water sequences those were really big likes that the size of you know, like turkana.
Paul Olsen: When they're when there's water in them.
Paul Olsen: or me.
baird: Maybe I should ask an outsider question.
baird: What.
baird: I have heard recently the dinosaur eggshell.
baird: eggs have been found and part of the what is that the the Newark base around Harrisburg that area and it just dawned on me that.
baird: What is the situation with this Connecticut river base and has there been any bone found here does it yield mesozoic terrestrial vertebrates stuff other than footprints just.
Paul Olsen: The eggshell is.
Paul Olsen: If you could send me something in the chat or something about the actual i'm not aware of that that sounds very interesting discoveries are made, you know, on a regular basis.
Paul Olsen: And there's a lot of interest in this, but I hadn't heard about that, but to answer your direct question, there is one.
Paul Olsen: Part of a bone from the deerfield base in section that we know, although it's not diagnostic in the in the hartford base and there are several partial skeletons of dinosaurs.
Paul Olsen: One theropod paducah source holyoke Kansas, which are now apparently the official state dinosaur and of Massachusetts and an anchor source policy lists, which is a sore potter morph and they're represented by.
Paul Olsen: not complete, they probably were complete skeletons of but not complete now they're busted up but there's one reasonably complete one at Yale and then there's a crocodile crocodile crocodile roll.
Paul Olsen: Relative stigma suka slung hippies which comes from long, that of Massachusetts in the in the heart for bass and I think the amount of skeletal material is larger than is generally recognized the problem is that in this climate and the with the hardness of the Rock.
Paul Olsen: you end up with hose and in weathered rock rather than seeing the bone very easily I think if we had whether herbal outcrops.
Paul Olsen: We would probably find the bone so lot more common, we can see this in in core holes in core holes in the Newark basin there's a there's a bone that's encountered about every 500 meters.
Paul Olsen: So you can imagine, if that were horizontal you would find a bone about every 500 meters on a straight line randomly.
baird: It gives you just too close to that basalt.
Paul Olsen: No, no, the basalt doesn't that doesn't have any effect.
Paul Olsen: it's not that.
Paul Olsen: it's just a matter of rock you mean hardness.
Paul Olsen: walkers.
Paul Olsen: yeah.
Now all of it is hard.
Paul Olsen: It all is very it's relatively resistant to to whether it's not like the chin Lee formation, which is bentonite rich and makes badlands if that were the case, of course, we wouldn't have any problem at all.
Paul Olsen: But fortunately it's it's a little harder than that and we get and you can build buildings, out of that material.
baird: Thanks sure.
Paul Olsen: Peter, I have a question for you.
Peter Drzewiecki: Yes.
Paul Olsen: So I i've i've argued for a while that many things that are identified as a sheet flood deposits in eastern North America are parts of our parts of a low angle, she deltas.
Paul Olsen: Now I don't think those two things are necessarily mutually exclusive but they're very hard to distinguish in vertical profile.
Paul Olsen: Because they both have an upward finding sequence with with climbing Crosland rebel emanation, but if you can see it in geometry, you can see that the tilted surfaces of the sheet delta's toeing into muds I wonder if you comment on that.
Peter Drzewiecki: No, I agree.
Peter Drzewiecki: That that I think there are sheep, floods and she deltas and i've always kind of looked at what kind of faces they their founding for for this talk I just kind of refer to the ones.
Peter Drzewiecki: The ones that were in the pliers but but certainly things like, and you know the state park core where you have sandstone in great shows, those are probably entering water I think it's so, so I think it's the same process but it depends on whether or not you have water in the basin yeah.
James Ebert: Right hey folks i've just received a message from our tech person and our a lot of time has elapsed so once again I want to thank all of our presenters and thanks for a great session everyone.
Paul Olsen: Thank you.
Paul Olsen: Thank you, I saw it.
Paul Olsen: And if we would go for a Martini.
bye.
Peter Drzewiecki: bye also for virtual.
Virtual Martini.