Alrighty, so it's 1015, we might as well get started here.
And so I wanted to welcome you all, on behalf of myself and Sam my co host to our poster session for landscape disturbances from place to seem to present a look at do more for resiliency and response in the northeast us a bit of a mouthful, so I double
check the phrasing there. My name is Ed Fallon I'm a second year PhD student at the University of Connecticut. I worked with Dr. William we met, as my primary advisor.
And my research is looking at the impacts of land use on flu Ville systems around England, and specifically how different disturbances things like dams beavers influenced these flu corridors and kind of using that information and kind of what we can gather
for how these disturbances shaped the landscape for river restoration applications. Hope you toss this over to Sam.
Hi, I'm Sam down I'm a third year PhD student at UConn. I'm also in the same lab group and Sandy, working with, will we met.
My research focuses on historic Linnaeus impacts in New England. I'm interested in looking at how historic linear is primarily things like agriculture, have led to soil erosion and have physically and chemically modified soils, which then can be linked
to legacy sediment deposits
yet so, um, we have a great session for everyone here this morning.
And so we kind of the way that this. The long longer version of a session is at two parts we have posters this morning from 1015 until 1230, and then we'll have a breakout lunch, and hopefully you guys will return for afternoon session starting at 130,
where we have a series of eight talks.
It's still within the same technical session.
Yeah. And so before we get started, just a little kind of like housekeeping details. So Nate, is our kind of tech support person that he just posted in the chat here has been very helpful and if anyone has individual technical difficulties, best thing
to do would likely be to reach out via chat to Nate on a private message.
He also has posted the, the rise slide for sessions PDF, which is no just kind of etiquette about appropriate decorum during these kind of these virtual meetings.
As for. Otherwise, for. So the way that the poster sessions are going to run, is we have seven posters.
Originally, eight. So we're going to have kind of a quick break, indoor extra question. Question time at 1040.
But basically, we will play the pre recorded poster presentation with the PDF of the poster through a screen share. And then the remaining whatever is left the pre recorded presentations are usually about 45 minutes, and then the remaining five or six
minutes in that 10 minute slot will be used for question and answer.
And so during that time. If you have a question for the presenter, you can please type your question into the chat window, and then Sam or I will essentially facilitate the question to the presenter themselves, and then they will answer using their own
audio, that way we just kind of can avoid some of the some of the chaos of talking over one another, which tends to happen as I'm sure we all know at this point.
So before we get started, is there any Does anyone have any overarching questions or things kind of about the setup of the session this morning.
Okay, sounds just silence is golden that's good sign. I think you covered it all in.
And Sam is there anything else you want to add on that front.
Um, I don't think so I think you've got everything. Ok,
Ready well wait just just another moment, um, and one thing you know that we want to keep in mind, especially when formulating these questions for these presenters right is that poster sessions are obviously a wonderful thing to have in person and so
this kind of format is the best we can do under the given circumstances.
So, please feel free to you know get really specific be like hey in that bottom left corner of your poster I couldn't see it that well would you mind explaining that graph that map that figure.
Because you know, I know myself as opposed to presenter, that's often when you get into the nitty gritty and kind of the fun part of sharing a poster with other people in the community.
So keep that in mind that kind of technological limitations here.
But on that note, we will get started, we will start with our first presenter, who is Emily sailor from the or sorry Emery.
My apologies Emory from Shippensburg University.
Hello, my name is Emery sailor I'm a first year Masters student and Shippensburg University, and I'm here to present our research on a cemetery analysis of a Perry glacial feature located in South Central Pennsylvania, that will form during and subsequent
to last Glacial Maximum, I would like to recognize my colleagues Stephen gloating.
Sean Cornell for facilitating this research. So a little bit about our study site and figure one you can see the We're located on South Mountain Pennsylvania very close to the Maryland border.
This is a southern facing slope in figure two you can see LIDAR data of multiple self reflection benches with a lobe overriding that located on the low are many Native American metal Riley Coreys that they were calling for to make stone tools out of this
out of this area is laden with culturally significant sabotage figure three just gives a 3d topographic profile, looking over the southern face of the slope.
We dug in total six test pits to take sediment samples out of. We're only reporting on three figure four shows a picture of up one which is located in the center area above the low abate feature LP three, which is located off the western toe off the western
side of the toe of the low bait feature. Just off the feature, and then LP to, which is located directly on the toe of the slope of the low bait feature.
First we did a dry now's a dry sieve analysis studies following standard said methods.
You can see how highly weathered and orange ish read and color. The dry settlements are that figure seven eight and 10.
We were having a problem with the clay particles really sticking together. So we decided to also complete a wet suit of analysis you can see what the desegregated clays look like and figure nine and 11.
You can see how sub Angular and how highly weathered and oxidized and iron and manganese these clay particles are.
So, I'll direct your attention to figure 12 B, which is the, the wet.
So results of the D 50 modal distribution.
Here again located above the slope feature you can see a finding downwards or reverse grade, this would not, this would represent a natural soil formation in this area above the, the feature.
LP three again which is located just off the, the toe of the slope to the western side was laden with culturally significant sabotage here. This is also showing a reverse grade or finding downwards with depth.
This is due to the amount of soil that the Native Americans overturned which would have happened after the low bait feature formed this again shows what a normal soil development would look like.
LP to however tells a different story, located directly on the toe the feature, you can see we've identified two zones the ADC which was also laden with culturally significant debit Taj, and then the BBC, which was sterile of culturally significant sabotage
in the BBC, you can see that we have a normal grading recording downward was segment. This is very significant to show that the soil development here is very different.
And that is because we do believe that this was a slow failure. So it's important to remember that we're showing two different types of natural soil development here in two different cases, one end up one where the, the sentiments are rigorously graded
in a natural soil formation, and then again in LP three where you have a finding downward in again in soil formation and this was because of how highly.
The amount of soil that was overturned in this area, and then LP to we're confident to say is on a slope failure type of feature we are unable to tell exactly how the slope flowed our colleague Robert choices going to further explain in the following
presentation, utilizing GDPR data, how we can confidently say that this was a slope failure. Thank you for your time and I will take any questions.
Hello.
Great, thank you. If anyone has any questions, feel free to put them in the chat or raise your hand.
Um, I guess I could ask the question, um, that was very interesting, and could.
It seemed kind of unique that it was located near the, the, the Native American query site there. And was there any other evidence for, like, physical soil disturbances that you saw besides the artifacts
on the, on the slope the main, main thing that you see if someone was servants up there is the query pits, if that's your question. There isn't other.
familiar with this site than I am. So he might be able to answer that question a little better but I'm pretty sure it's just Cory Cory pets
and Emory we got a question for you in the chat window here from Caitlin Katrin that says I wonder how you selected the sites for sample collection.
So the sites that we chose go along with Robert Joyce's thesis which he's presenting on after this.
After this question session so basically he ran GDPR to try to tell the farther story about this slope failure and we took the sentiment samples to ground truth is, while we were ground truth in his GPA carpets.
I thought it would weigh in, just a little bit there.
This was a really interesting site, and we've been studying it now for about four or five years, there are over 70 different Native American Cory pits on the future.
And that's an adjacent to our number of charcoal hearts that were also produced, and in the evaluation of that we identified these low bait features both the benches and then the logo itself.
And we were familiar with work by some other folks including from the state Geological Survey, who had identified similar features. Elsewhere in South Central Pennsylvania.
And so we really interested in looking at the geo morphology of this feature and then evaluating whether we could determine if there were any, you know, natural processes active on the slope besides soil forming.
And we were very excited to be able to do these tests fits with permission of the State Historic Preservation Association. And again, we, we were really pretty profoundly enrich because we discovered all of this culturally significant debutantes that
was you know clearly on and around the feature.
But this this project evolved out of a sedentary geology class, you know project so a lot of really cool, interesting ideas came in, come out of that program.
That's great. Thanks for waiting and Sean Emery I guess I have a question for you or maybe un Sean is. So, in the sites where there is this Native American Korean practice happening was that only at places that had already had slope failure to expose
the kind of the rocks of interest, I guess, me Do you want to answer that one.
The. Yeah. So, basically, most of the query pitch, all of the query pets were basically located directly on the slope failure feature.
Okay, cool. No, that's kind of what I got initially from your talk, I just wanted to clarify. It's interesting.
At this particular site, there are other sites that there you know we don't seem to see failures. but at this particular 169 out of 70 total pits appear to be on the feature.
I have, like, one quick question. I guess we should maybe start moving on, but I'm about how big are these queries.
So that would be a question that maybe Rob can answer in a few minutes is part of his talk or at the end of his talk.
Perfect.
Good, good transition there.
Well thank you Emory, and we will transition now over to Robert choices talk.
We can go in here.
Hello and welcome.
My name is
Robert choice, and I'm a graduate student in Shippensburg University.
He took my first presentation today is ground penetrating radar detection some service characteristics of an enigmatic soul flux and low feature and have County, Pennsylvania.
So this research was done on South Mountain, which is located in Orange County in South Central Pennsylvania, and the underlying bedrock here is a Precambrian better Island other Catoctin formation.
In order to do this research we use a 250 megahertz GDPR antenna, and we did 15 different transits or crosses and Garfield site with longitudinally and transverse Lee to encapsulate the entire loaded feature.
that occur on either side of the loading feature. We wanted to hone in on three different transaction especially for a special presentation.
first one being transferred to which is at the tone of the, of the feature transact six years in the center area that feature and transact see which run down the spine feature.
We also don't six different tests along these transaction in order to ground truth the upper meter of our radar grams, and we also gather data from the different so arises here in order to do seventh logical analysis was, which was just previously presented
by the team that did those in order to calibrate our two way ground velocity we wanted to look and find identifiable characteristics that were in the, in the test bits that we were able to see in the reader grams so we picked out to different rocks, one
being the one the bottom of order to denoted by the yellow line and the yellow polygon red or green, and the black line, black polygon on returning.
And we determined that the two way ground lost you for this filter is 12 centimeters per nanosecond based on the clay and so compositions that are found here.
So we're looking at the GDPR data and preliminary interpretations, we find that there is roughly three different packages that can be kind of seen through each transit.
So, firstly, we see everything above the white line, and in figure six which is going to be transit to is going to be the modern flow material now this material is based on the GDPR is about one to two meters thick.
And that like I said happened at the after the last place of maximum is the modern slope feature processes that occur here.
And on either side of where the flow starts and stops in the bedrock etc shoulders, but on the other side of those you see flow fans that occur as it kind of goes off of and fills in the, the lower relief portions on either side of this flow feature.
Now in package, a we see a very chaotic zone or chaotic subsurface that what we believe. This to me is to be a sole function load that did surge down in infill this valley that occurs in bedrock that you can see from the two shoulders with the flow starts
and stops and were able to determine that. Or at least were able to think that this is a selfish load based on the crowd your Beijing, and the frosty that would have occurred in the subsurface that would create this chaotic are created these chaotic dielectric
surfaces. Now in package be we do see the bedrock contact that you can see across each of the different transact now.
We're looking at figure seven you're able to see.
Based on this color of, of being the red colloquium of Central Pennsylvania underneath of that we see what appears to be infill based on these dielectric services that occur all pointing to and kind of flattening out in the goalie that occurs in the bedrock.
And within this infill below the red band layer we do see what appears to be a paleo channel. Now that is likely due to two bedrock pillars that have been kind of eroded away and you have all the sediments being filtered out through the center of this
to better our pillars.
And we're also able to see towards the west of this transact on the left hand side, possibly sediments going over to another flow in the left hand side.
That happened, I'm sure it will a well long time ago.
So before I take you into into transit see I'm going to point your attention to figure eight which is a picture of our seven meter long auger boring that we took on up one which is appropriate one that is denoted by the green line in transit see which
is configure nine. And this just shows that we have distinct saw horizon development all the way down to least seven years where we hit refusal by hitting a piece of floating bedrock.
So, on transit see we have two different packages that occur most regularly and before I get into that, I'm going to say that we do identify in two different headscarves at the northern end of this translate by their rotation and you're able to see that
in dielectric surfaces. So, when I talk about a cohesive package I'm talking about continuous in parallel dielectric surfaces.
And that are found in generally the same orientation and a chaotic surface or chaotic package is going to be the DD discontinuous lines with no real pattern, and they don't really have any of the same orientation throat is kind of short, and they look,
they look chaotic.
So when you go down the slope you do see these alternating patterns and I do believe that as the sole function loop surge down this slope we had parts that stuck together and those are the cohesive arts and impart that broke apart and kind of crumbled
are going to be your chaotic zones.
So, that just points to more evidence of this being a sole function low and a flow failure of times past.
So just some discussion in conclusion. So, there are three normally packages that are that are reserved in each transact roughly, that the note a flow feature a, a package that denotes cryo activation and cell function processes such as Frosties are in
the central portion of the intermediate our package.
And then a bedrock contact package, so you can see in each of the different transactions were able to see a very dynamic you morphic past that we've previously thought no this is all new developments based on just recently analyzed GPO radiographs Let
me see here.
And just to reiterate that the goal of this research here is to evaluate and verify the characteristic of this cell function low.
And we wanted to do this by looking at the GDPR first and then the sentiment analysis kind of came second which kind of helps determine exactly what this feature is.
And now we feel pretty confident in the, in the ability to detect this slide that occurred, the modern slide, initially, and then below that the sole function Whoo.
And this is just adding to the idea that this is a very chaotic and very complex history of this field site that we didn't even know happened previously.
And I want to thank everyone for coming out and listening to this presentation I will take any questions now.
All right. Alrighty. Thank you, Robert.
Looks like we have some questions coming in. Um, so the first one from Ellen Chamberlain on the middle of figure for. It looks like there are some rich like features that cross the whole Hill shade.
Do you see that feature in your CPR. And is it buried by the solid function low.
So the ridge like features I'm assuming you're talking about the sole function benches.
And those are like the main.
I guess Perry visual features here I mean, you, you kind of see them in the GDPR data, but that's kind of where we're seeing that crier termination happened on making it kind of chaotic especially down towards the base of the slide feature.
And then we have a question from Anna, saying what future worked or works, do you think should be done on the site.
Ideally I would love for this site to have a complete trench dug across it so we can see all of the self reflection bench features in the subsurface I also want to take a look at what exactly these quarry sites look like in subsurface taking that trench.
I don't know all the way to bedrock would be ideal obviously that's not going to happen. Unfortunately, because of money. But, Yeah, that would be great.
But other than that, probably more, more. Look into a lot of the Native American stuff I think that's really important on the site because it is culturally significant and yeah maybe some more geologic stuff that we did run into some Greenstone.
That was never map here. So, getting an identification of what that exactly is we think it's not have a solid but it could be a couple of things.
As also very important.
So let's say we have another question from woody Johnson, how common are the self reflection lives in the surrounding area.
As you go south and become a little bit less frequent obviously as you get out of the rain or I guess you're getting out of the Perry glacial environment as yourself away from the Laurentide ice.
But here I this is the furthest South that we've documented from in Pennsylvania. So far I think there are some further south there just hadn't been papers written about them yet and I didn't look at them for this project, oh no other great numbers of
these features in the immediate vicinity of your study area. So I don't think we identified any in the immediate area. These are the only ones that we can see and there's probably four or five of them in this little on this mountain side, but I'm sure
there are probably some of the surrounding towns we just didn't identify that there is a masking is because I'm currently doing a sufficient geology mapping in the northern white mountains of New Hampshire, and the LIDAR we're seeing many similar features
so hundreds and hundreds of little ridges, roughly following the contour around mountain sides. And the question is are the sole function lobes, or are the some kind of glacial moraine or other ice contact feature.
We're just starting to recognize these things so I don't think they've been really studied or trench or anything else but it was very, very interesting to see that you're finding out.
Now that your area two years crazy I mean initially I was, I was unaware of these, these features happening as far south so it's awesome. And it sounds like your work is awesome as well.
Thank you.
I was going to add, I think, again, this as as Rob just said this was the furthest South that we've, we've seen them.
But after looking at this particular site and we begin to look a little bit sort of the Westons the Don some of the other ridges and valley segments, we are seeing them, and again like I said the stage Geological Survey folks have identified them a couple
State College Pennsylvania.
But this again in the period glacial, this was not glaciated glaciated like in your sight. Up there in the White Mountains. So, these were pretty interesting but again as kind of going back to Alan's question is yes we do believe that the cryo tradition
and the solid flushing benches occurred first, and then the low rate future detached and moved across the surface of those. And so we're one of the future research areas of course interested in is trying to do some dating, to see if we can't actually
constrain the the dates of the surfaces.
But again funding needs to come together and this was a project that we were able to work on as best we could during coded.
And with very little or limited ability to do field work at least initially, so I'm very pleased to see what was accomplished with the limitations that we had
great and we do have extra time to continue discussing these projects so if anyone needs a break. So any questions for either Emory or Robert would be great.
Oh sorry, go for it now and I was just gonna say I kind of mentioned this in the chat but i think it's it's a cool idea to date the different benches versus the lobes you guys have a sense of a hypothesis about whether that's all from the same phase of
Perry glaciation or whether that's, like, two separate glacial phases.
Rob did you want to mention that, that red interval again. Yes, so there's this render that we see an upper pit one that I mentioned and it was suggested by other authors further upstate that this was an older feature where the, the light brown stuff
that we see down in the, in the toe of the feature is going to be the younger younger flow so there was probably multiple different slide feature so multiple different events here in time, I guess, and then the low a feature probably came after this has
been very glacial for a little while, as it was probably an active player attachment.
That just search down.
And I would, I would offer those other publications that suggested that read interval is actually interglacial. And so we may actually be seeing stacked glacial episodes, you know in this in this field site, although again and that's that's based on that
other research, but the fact that we saw a very similar read horizon in the middle of our deep auger core leads us to want to do more analysis especially, and we were just blown away that we were able to actually get a seven meter deep auger on this,
this slope feature. And we'll definitely be going back with, with additional permitting to look. Now we this kind of goes back to one of the questions earlier about how we selected the sites to actually dig.
We were constrained by our permits to not be digging directly in the middle of the area with the most intense artifacts.
And so, You know we again chose the head of the scarf and the toe of the scarf in order to the toe the feature in order to avoid that the area that is the culturally most significant.
And so, pending additional permissions. We'd like to try to do at least some more hand offering to see if we couldn't verify some more of the structure and and look for more.
Maybe some pollen, or other, you know, materials to give us more information about what's happening in the subsurface
got a question for you, Rob.
When you you identified what you called kind of an alternating pattern of cohesive and then chaotic packages on that downslope transit.
Were you able to tell in the GDPR like if there was any kind of consistent, like cyclists at to that, or was it rather random where you had one package versus the other.
Um, I would say it's, I think they're worse cycles I just don't know exactly like are you asking whether or not like it was the same like length of chaotic and cohesive work, I mean because like there was a cycle of this cohesive and then chaotic all
the way down it's let me say kind of what you're getting at. Yeah, I guess I was wondering more like it seemed like they alternated based on that transit but if there was kind of a similar pattern in like the lateral extent, or assemblage in one to the
next. Ah, um, the work is still being done so I'd have to get back to you on that. But I would think that there is going to be some, some carryover different trends I would imagine.
Great, thanks.
I thought I'd see observed that Helen Delano was with us I don't know if she's still on or not, had worked on these in sites to the north I know if Helen was available and willing to speak a little bit.
Since we've got some time.
She's here, but I don't know if she's able to unmute and and think about what she's learned from her sights.
Oh, okay. She's, she's no miking. She can type though. Yeah.
Again, it was, it was work that, that, that she did a lot of further north it really helped us to sort of zero in on the fact that these were to be interpreted or had been interpreted as all the fluctuation benches.
So that was pretty, pretty exciting to, to then actually be able to pull that evidence in and actually Helens team has also worked on some pollen.
For a site that's just about maybe 15 miles north of here. And, and they've got a pretty extensive pollen record.
And it's pretty interesting.
Great. And it looks like we do have another question that came in, um, how regionally expensive, is that red bed interval, about, but no in central pa and wondering if you might see that around here.
Yeah, I'm sure, probably going to be seeing I know if we seen, I can trace it out through the radar grams.
Across the site.
I would imagine that we see them on a lot of slopes in Pennsylvania.
And like I said, up in up in central pa we do see those beds occurring there as well.
So my understanding that the the folks at Bloomsbury University have been noticing that interval as well. And so they're, they're definitely there is room for tracking data and other sites.
Especially this far south close to the Maryland line. And I certainly know the down on the eastern shore Virginia and Maryland. A similar bad although it's much thicker and down there, there's a lot of evidence of lust type deposition.
But, you know, to what extent this this red interval, you know correlates with those other structures we're, we're, We're still working on that part of it.
Um, well it looks like Helen chimed in in the chat, we've seen lots of so location all over the slopes in South Central pa have not done any digging the Dorothy merits as kings gap encore has macro fossils day to 16,000 years ago but no pollen solid vacation
globe surrounding in North America is looking all over, sounds like.
But on that note, we're gonna have to guess, continue on.
Thanks so much.
Both Robert and Emory, and we will have transitioned over to Amanda's talk.
Hello everyone, my name is Amanda chat and I will be talking about the mythology and particle size across the three basins of bold and just a call to lead us into Holocene sedimentary record of environmental change.
And the goal of this study is identify potential earthquake and do some ass wasting Walden Pond is located in Concord, Massachusetts and is famous for its association with transcendental is Henry David Thoreau.
Since the 1800s, there's for recreational use with a railroad nearby and an amusement park that was operational until the 1900s, the state currently protect swollen.
and there are heavy recreationally okay I'm sorry guys.
The poster keep zooming in here so and I don't want to throw off Amanda's talk.
I'm the poster is supposed to do. Oh, I'm so sorry. You know what, Amanda, I'm just going to back you up about 15 seconds and we'll go from there.
sedimentary records of environmental change. And the goal of this study is identify potential earthquake and do some mass wasting events part is located in Concord, Massachusetts, and is famous for its association with transcendental is Henry David Thoreau.
Since the 1800s, there's for recreational use with a railroad build nearby, and an amusement park that was operational until the 19 state currently protects Walden Pond.
And there are heavy recreational uses as it currently has a beach and public bathroom metric map here distinguishes the base and boundaries with the deep bass and in the West, intermediate in the center in the show base and towards the east.
In 2015 some gravity course were taken from the Centers, each basin in the study analyzes cause GC GC GC seven samples from each quarter chemically digesters to only classic component remain, then great size was measured using a laser diffraction particle
size analyzer samples were also process for Pollyanna morphological analysis get analyzed under a microscope.
In addition, the study uses QJSRJ software to create some maps and bath a metric map, and are to visualize engaging information about Walden Pond slopes stability.
With these techniques. The study highlights the morphology and brain size variation between three basins, of all the pot.
In terms of morphology, a slip map was created to visualize locations of potentially unstable surface of 10 to 20 degrees that range is ideal steepness found in other links where sediment can accumulate, and then fail as found that the source of Walden
Pond Barry from zero to 23 degrees with a large area of the sleep of the steep slopes being in the deep basin and age model was created using data from radiocarbon dating ponds photography and the concentration of an idiom.
The model is used to visualize sedimentation rates across the basins and Walden Pond know how the show basin accumulates less sediment per year when compared with the other two days
as depicted in a sediment core image Walden Pond is composed of dark brown, black organic rich cells that appear relatively homogenous after digestion of the biogenic component we measured the green size of the classroom component using a laser diffraction
particle size analyzer and proceeded to graph the main and medium for each core.
A 3d part of the Grand size data was also created the x axis screen size y axis is the depth of the court and the z axis is the volume percent of a specific grapes.
I like to first point out how the overall grand size of GC seven is larger than the other two basis.
I would also like to draw your attention to GC five, the core taken from the central basin.
This quarter appears to have a more homogenous grain size record when compared to the other two basis.
This could be due to GC by only having data for every two centimeters of the core, whereas GC one and GC seven half grand size data for nearly every sentence.
Other trimming factors could be its position in the center of the lake impartial shielding from your short processes.
I would also like to point out the thin horizons of course materials that are clear in the main meeting the pulses of course material in the sedimentary records suggest occasional mass wasting events, and one potential trigger could be crashing from strong
earthquakes that are known, historically or suspected in the prehistoric record.
Since off Walden Pond soaps are in the ideal range of 10 to 20 degrees. This is a possible reason.
Lastly, I would like to point out how in the upper most part of the core. You see finer grants our deposit is starting from the 1800s.
Looking at the 3d plot is no support in GC one and GC seven have mode and volleying percent of final grades have changed over time, especially around 200 years ago.
The final class of green is likely do the erosion of soils from heavy recreational land use and nearby logging.
The screen size distribution graph of GC one at 10 centimeters in gc 150 centimeters also highlights the overall brand sizes course or further down the sediment core.
That concludes this presentation, I like to thank Danny Henry for assistance in creating the maps, no zooms facility out what's Hole Oceanographic Institute for the radiocarbon dates.
The 2016 ballsy college sediment technology class, along with Melanie sir and Maroney for preparing and measuring some of the samples.
Thank you.
Ready. That was great. Thanks Amanda, and so sorry for cutting you off in the beginning there. And we'll go a couple minutes over here just to have some more, more time for questions for Amanda.
And I guess I will start. So Amanda, when you were creating I don't know if you yourself made the maps or use them, the imagery maps or use them afterwards.
Do you know what kind of data collection method and software you were using for that.
Yeah, so the bathroom metric maps and the maps, I with the assistance of Danny Henry used, Massachusetts. I use a map from the Massachusetts, DC, er, and we just use their dm and design the slope maps and the bathroom metric maps, but Park Sharon and
and Brad who were my collaborators, they also were on a boat on in Walden Pond and collected points, and the depth so I'm currently interpolating that and trying to create our own bathroom hundred mountains look.
Great, thank you
I can ask a question. I'm very super interesting study, um, and really, really interesting that you guys are trying to find these earthquake records for Walden, I was wondering, is this method has also yet been applied to other lakes and ponds in the
area.
Um, I haven't worked on any of that, but I believe that the team has the team members have worked on something similar.
Great, thank you.
So another question for you, Amanda in thinking about rate you mentioned how the kind of the slope ranges of 10 to 20%.
We're certainly in the range that likely you could have some of those mass wasting events.
Do you think that kind of the overall but symmetry of the pond.
That was a major factor in in showing what we see there today, are you think potentially more of a kind of a minor accents to your kind of development of these three different base and depths.
Yeah, that's something that we're currently working on and trying to think about.
I think something interesting about Walden Pond is there's no inflow outflow. So the only sediment input would be from run off from the shores.
Yeah,
that's a good point, it makes it a you know it's a much more closed system than we think it was a classic inflow and outflow ponder like.
Anyone have any other questions for Amanda here.
I just go back to another question that you just have em on. If we have studied other link so the link that we have looked at for historic earthquakes is in London, Massachusetts, and they are we did actually find evidence of the 755 earthquake, the cape
and Greg so this kind of led us to look at other points and amendments looking at one point here.
Awesome. Thank you. And any Should we move on to the next first
study sought to quantify the impact of land cover change and watershed dynamics in two adjacent watersheds and coastal main across the Holocene and into the advocacy, using a combination of late for sampling and JS analysis.
It began by taking sentiment course from both lakes magnetic sustainability expert fluorescence muscle solving mission and drive up density for calculated for each from these data we calculated the mass accumulation of plastic sentiment, and both legs,
and subsequently calculated success standards and, you know, I don't want to do three to the left or the hf models for about watersheds calculated using radiocarbon dates and a linear progression.
We chose to use a linear regression because the radiocarbon started with he was not straightforward.
Using these hf models we plotted mass on Sunday edition, like the accessibility and suspended sentiment across time for both watersheds.
These results are shown in figure for the right.
Because we took the conservative approach to hf models. The acceleration in suspended sentiment sentiment pond beginning around the turn of the 19th century is likely not an artifact of the spacing updated samples, and instead indicative of the impact
that increase lanterns by your American side of this hat on watershed dynamics.
Interestingly, the signal is more muted and results from the adjacent Middleburg watershed and potential explanation for this difference is the smaller watershed area and Lake area of domain, but also the conservative approach that we talked with the
hf model, we did not have more recent age control points from adamec, which could contribute to them you're muted suspended submit your signal that to see.
between the watersheds neither of which the hf model is a month as a factory.
We then compose orphan photos from 2018, using Earth Explorer, as well as arrows symbol from imagery from the 1950s, Arthur rectified using address off meditate. The National and copper database for 2016 offer insight into more recent land cover data. Well historically uncover was determined by using the 1950s
determined by using the 1950s ortho images, we simplified land cover into three categories watermelons non forested, and forested using polygons and RJs.
The area of these polygons was then sound and taken as a percentage of the total area of the watershed, the grayscale images in the 1950s provided difficulty in determining water weapons as areas that were shown as weapons and Ltd have very similar shade
of vegetation. A surrounding forested area and ortho images.
This is demonstrated in figure five, where we have overland for data sets of the same area LIDAR which is shown in the lower left hand corner was used of typography, clearly shoved Lower, lower line Wetteland area.
But in this case, as well as many others, it was not evident area that could not be confidently determined as watermelons was included under the bucket of forested land.
Because of this challenge, the 1953 to 1956 data for water and weapons, shown in the table to the right is likely an underestimate and forested area for the same time period is like overestimate.
Regardless, however, there's still a clear trend of decreasing non forested land, and a slight increase in forest forest land for both watersheds.
This reflects the larger trend dropping England, increasing forest cover over the past half century.
So information through a combination of lake or NGS analyses, we've compiled the comprehensive volume data on mute Jason coastal watersheds of Sanibel Emma donor ponds and may.
Although a number of factors may have contributed to a more muted signal and the lake or data from the domain, both watersheds you an increase in suspended sentiment your corresponding with the acceleration of length parents by your own American settlers
around 1800.
1800. Furthermore, JS analysis of more recent ortho images shows a decrease in non porous land, and an increase in forest cover in the region.
This corresponds to a general trend in New England, that is seen reforestation, and many watersheds. In recent decades.
Already It was great. Thank you, manual.
And if folks have questions feel free to raise your hands or use the chat window.
So, I know a little bit about these areas.
I'm thinking about, you know, more mountainous regions of Maine and northern New England the primary land use is typically logging.
Being coastal Maine where it's a little bit lower really, this is still the primary land use for the area, or is it a little bit more mixed let's more agriculture.
Yeah, we definitely see more agriculture there's timber clearance, as well, but it's definitely kind of a mix of both.
We've got a question here from Ellen in the chat, very interesting poster thanks. do you think there is room for more report station, or that trend going to flatten out stabilize.
Yeah, that's a really interesting question. Um, I think that a lot of the reforestation was seeing due to kind of movement of agriculture West.
So I would, I would presume that it's kind of flattening out now but that's something that would need more investigation and a very interesting question to pursue.
And how much of a driver is climate change in the system do you think, yes. So that wasn't necessarily a key focus but I think that just general trends in New England have kind of a water climate and more active storms could definitely provide more sediment
yield into the watershed.
But at this point in time, I wouldn't necessarily posit any sort of strong statement on that just because it wasn't part of our investigation.
Question from Robert Thorson main saw strong Western Exodus in 1816, the year without a summer. Can you spot this as a timeline.
Yeah, that's interesting. Um, we see a lot of the change that we were talking about in the early 1800s.
But I don't know if we could, if we have a resolution in our late core data to specifically point to 1816 as a year of, you know, of specificity.
Because based on that, we got a question here from. Will we met. What's the sacrificial geology may have missed it, any indication of lots of available fine grained sediment.
Um, the superficial geology, I think, is primarily kind of the glacial till I don't have that specific information in front of me, but I could definitely find it and that would be an interesting thing to add on to this study.
Emmanuel based on what you mentioned about how there's kind of a move of agricultural practices westward in the state. Do you think that if you were to core, you know, a lake say 100 miles inland or something you might see a similar pulse of sediment
but at a later date.
Yeah, that's really interesting. I'm sorry when I said, Western movement I kind of met across the United States.
but that actually.
So, a co author on this study has actually performed a lot of different analysis and one of them includes an inland lake in the highlands and a more mountainous region as Sam was saying earlier to.
And so, this like actually showed later.
Later, influx of segment do to timber harvest moving into the mountains towards that towards the later time period.
Cool. Thanks for clarifying. You had me just very main focus so I didn't even think yes the country, yeah i mean that that also is is true and evident in that study in 2020.
Great, thank you.
And it looks like we have time for maybe one more question.
If there are any.
We do have one more from Nicholas. Is there any possible signal from the development of modern fertilizers.
That's really interesting I think we'd probably have to do more of a chemical analysis if I'm correct, which isn't necessarily my, my specialty or my field of study.
But that would definitely be an interesting concept to explore especially in these areas where agriculture was super prevalent for a long time, and really, as we've seen, impacted landscape to.
Great, well thank you a manual and Sam Do you want to get a score with our next presentation here.
Yeah, so our next speaker is going to be, David Hamada and I believe he is going live so David if you'd like to share your screen.
One sec I have to redo that I forgot to turn on my audio with this so.
All right. Can everyone see that.
Today I present the preliminary results of two sets of course taking mind a pair of 19th to 20th century dams in Mansfield Connecticut dams trapped sediment in their upstream reservoirs, reflecting erosion and sediment transport in their contributing
watersheds and recording both natural and anthropogenic disturbances aerial imagery of the cedar swamp Creek watershed, as well as digital mapping have a network of stone walls throughout the region illustrate a shifting degree of cleared land over time.
stone wall mapping indicates prior land clearing exceeded the 1934 extend historic maps show mill at this location by 1811, and both dams are present in the 19 3043.
The first of the two sites in earthen and laid stone dam to the north, established a relatively extensive reservoir prior to 1934, the dam is no longer present in the 1951 imagery likely due to hurricanes of 1938 damaging the structure.
We therefore interpret that reservoir sedimentation ending at 1938, or CS one and CS who were taken adjacent to the current channel that is incised into the reservoir sedimentation.
The lower dam, a stone and masonry dam with exposed bedrock on both sides. Maintain a much smaller reservoir in 1934, but by 1950 we see a larger reservoir, which is expanded to its current extent on depth increases closer to the dam, with a maximum depth
of five to six feet or be empty one was collected in the deepest part of the pond and BMD to collected in shallower water closer to the active stream that runs into the pond, the sentiment cards were extracted at two sites using a vibe record system.
They were then split and work up included initial core descriptions loss on ignition for organic content and X ray fluorescence XRS focus particularly on anthropogenic signals, including lead and zinc concentrations ground penetrating radar was run by
Andy fallin along a transept across the deepest portion of the pond, near the extraction of core BMD one strong reflectors interpreted as the outline of the Paleo channel where apparent in the imagery course CS one and CS to demonstrate differences between
near bank and more channel central positions behind the upstream Earth and damn CS one, or roughly 50 centimeter core is comprised mostly organic mud with sand in Kabul at the bottom for freedom conditions.
It shows the constant creation change across lead and zinc, starting at around 15 centimeters, with lead reaching a peak at around 10 centimeters or theater CSU is approximately 125 centimeters and consists of reservoir settlement that field the channel
that predated the dam, mainly organic modern silt, where the gravel layer at its base lead and zinc begin to increase around 60 centimeters, with a peek around 40 centimeters.
The ball mill dam corps BMD one and BMD two were taken in the actively in filling pond.
Core BMD one taken directly behind the modern dam is roughly 230 centimeters. It consists of mostly organic mud, with two main layers that deviate from this.
It was taken in the deepest water depth of the reservoir and away from the active stream.
The two deviations correspond to changes on organic content, a drop in organic content at about 1.5 meters occurs at an inner bedded sand and Sue layer, organic content occurs at a wood pulp material between 80 and 90 centimeters lead and zinc began to
increase around 67 centimeters, with a peek around 30 centimeters.
Finally, core BMD to is 130 centimeters and take him to the north.
It contains much more variability and organic content and is interspersed with layers of sand and gravel consistent with the site being closer to the active stream that enters the pond lead and zinc started around, increasing around 35 centimeters, with
a peek around 10 to 15 centimeters or their work is going to be needed to quantify a timeframe for the deposition ongoing historic research will folk established the construction potential reconstruction and or damage and removal of the dams, lead to
10 and cesium 137 ages will be processed to provide a solid timeframe and used to develop an age model will be complaining probe measurements around CS one and CS to to establish a depth profile of legacy versus initial stream channel sentiment and couple
of those volume measurements with the age model to measure sedimentation rates, which can further be compared across the region.
Thank you, David. Do you have any questions.
Yeah, I've got a question for you, David. The two different disturbance layers that you identified the wood pulp and then the sand, silt layers, how far down the court, approximately where those I couldn't tell it first.
So the sand and silt is at about.
Excuse me, at about 150 centimeters down the wood pulp then was at closer to about 80 centimeters.
And I get some follow up there's is do have a interpretation as to what specific events or kind of timeframe on your, what caused the the pope in the sand solar.
So, the, the appearance of that wood pulp material.
Seems pretty it's pretty clear it's probably related to a meal at that location.
We can be absolutely certain because we, we don't have that age model developed yet to really put it in context but it's pretty evident that it's worked.
It looks more worked wood material, the sand and Celt little bit lower, is probably going to be another influx event but without knowing you know how that might correlate to say the 1938 destruction of the earlier Damn, or anything else.
I don't really know.
Thanks, we'll preview feature work.
Okay, it looks like we do have a question from.
This is.
Can you talk a little more about the coring and how you got through the travels.
So Andy and Sam actually did majority of the early coring, and I did a lot of work up on the, the course later.
But I guess general experience with the Viper core it's it's muscle and grit.
So, but, either will or maybe and your Sam could speak more specifically to this site.
Yes, certainly. So, the, you know, we use a pretty standard Bible course set up with the generator and, you know, essentially a platform.
Between setup between two canoes and the gas generator causes the vibrating head which is connected to your metal core tube to vibrate minimizing compaction.
And so is able to get through the travels and couldn't this these makes sense so players fairly easily. So, you know, I don't know if Sandra will remember from that day but it didn't seem like we ran into too many issues with penetration there.
Can you hear me I can't my laptop.
Yeah, I would just support that saying that you know it really wasn't like large boulders that were recording through, there's still a limit the courtroom is three inches wide, so you can't really core to really thick gravel but certainly sand and finer
gravel is no problem to push through.
In the compaction at the bottom mostly has to do with maybe a till mixed with travel so we can't penetrate into the into all gravel types, but we can certainly into the loser gravel and sand upon this kind of within the overall reservoir sedimentation.
Yes, and now we have one more question before he had to the next closer. I seeing what about the 1955 hurricane.
So I haven't done extensive hurricane history for the area yet.
I'm relatively new to New England, just got here this this fall so I'm still kind of learning the regional history.
But, uh, I guess we'll do you have any thoughts on where that might come into play with what we're looking at here.
Well it's it's the same answer that you answer for 38, is that we're hopeful with the age model to kind of have some indication of the, the details of the layering with individual events we won't have that until we have a better model.
So yes, what about it, it could be great. We couldn't see it. We also might not be able to see it we don't know yet.
Great. Thank you, David.
Are you
All right, so listen to Sonia is our next presenter.
Hello, my name is Elizabeth assignee and this is my poster on this retreat goofy of Valley those deposits upstream of the small Glenda Lake know Dan, and likely Creek pencil me.
I worked on this project with Jim Zito and Max Hoffman from the University of Delaware.
So the purpose of this project was to determine the effects of colonial buildings on the sedimentation and the surrounding area, our field say 12 is located on the Pennsylvania, Delaware border.
And so this is a stretch of land we looked at to make the cross section.
This research require that we map this to trigger fee of. expose banks on the creek, as well as carbon dating see 14 these interpretations were determined based on comparison with modern environments, which will be included in the published literature
of maximum.
Now for the results.
So you can see the cross section and the categorization of the different sentiments and then the profile. The blue line running along the bottom is the center line of the channel.
So, these are either the interpretations the fine grained sentiments, the massive Sandy mode or money sand, little organic matter is interpreted to be floodplain or over bank deposits and black massive Sandy mode or money San, the Paleo soul and the sandy
my sand with abundance leaves, twigs and logs are deposits from localized wetlands and the data circled on the far right is from a very long, that was data to be 1400 years old.
So these are the interpretations of the course during deposits. The Matrix supported gravel, we determined to be colloquium, and the class supported gravel is part of the video channel or we work colloquium, the part of the class of 40 Gribble that's
the lava center line is the modern channel bed, the pebble indicated indicated said asymmetrical gravel wins in yellow there is a very bar, this fake.
So this finger is showing us sediments separated into pre and post settlement categories.
Colonial settlement was around, 1730, So everything in blue happen for that.
So here, we're going to show we're showing the influence of the colonial them.
So if you look at the bottom left, where the existing know them is, you can see the material accumulation and the channel upstream of the dam.
And then, the black line underneath that is where we think the river profile would have been before the dam was built, and the yellow and black line along the top represents, where we think the top of the bank would be if the know Dan had not been built
and the red sentiment. On top of that,
is the floodplain accumulation. That was caused by the presence of the building.
So, from these observations we were able to conclude that the bank closures on white cloud Creek include over bank deposits, Columbia, fully rework plutonium buried gravel bars and localized wetland deposits, we were able to see that the exposures are
almost equally divided between pre and post settlement proposed settlement deposits, and then prior to the European settlement, the white clay Creek built gravel bars and carried grapple material, similar to the modern channel and also that the middleman
is about one meter tall has influenced the sedimentation approximately 200 meters.
Thank you.
Thank you This
looks like we've got a question from Ian Enders, how did you conduct carbon 14 analysis.
Um, so my advisor sent that into a lab, like there was a very involved and he sent part of it into the lab to date fighter to do it
I guess I have a follow up to that, um, how many days did you obtain and from like what sections of the channel, it was easier to get dates from the lower sections or the upper sections.
So I, we found that just from that one section
was the rest of your question, sorry.
Oh, about the upper, lower portions like the pre and post 1750 layer.
Yeah, so, from like the lower area.
Awesome. Great.
Got a question from Robert Thorson here, could the localized Colombian be due to the loss of bank strength due to higher water pressure associated with raising the dam.
Possibly I'm not really sure about that. If you want to talk about that.
And a question from Noah Snyder, what is the evidence that the orange channel deposit layer has a pretty damn ho so I'm for this, it's not.
I was showing like the modern stream bed, instead of like
a, like the oldest age sentiment. So that is why that is,
like, current age.
Great, thank you.
So looking at the way that I really liked the way that you made these.
These figures showing your downstream profile is so the section where you have inferred top of bank without the middle damn directly upstream of there.
So that's all of your posts settlement settlement accumulation there.
Do you think that there would have been that there was previous sedimentation that would have been washed out upon the dam being put in, or that would lead to this having No, none of the preset whit sediment pre settlement sedimentation.
Yeah, I think that that could have happened.
And the reason that the life that we don't like that I didn't mark it like further down on the cross section is just because the northern influence probably wasn't that far downstream.
Gotcha. Thanks.
And then we have a question from Ellen, are there any plans to remove the existing mill dam. And is it currently in use, just thinking about what person the strategic be it will be preserved once it's removed.
So the current meltdown is not in use, and it's very short now. So, the, they are thinking about like how to
like what to do with the river, and like how to like manage the water there.
So I don't think they will remove it. They're more likely do things with the sediment.
Like, for river maintenance.
Yes, I have a follow up question before I move I'm sorry Andy is going to ask what the, if you know what the purpose of the middle down list for an approximately when it might have been put in.
So it was put in.
I want to say like, 1700, and
I know that there.
I think there's a lot of Mills around the Delaware area for
whatever bills do. No, no,
no worries. That's okay.
I'm all right. I guess we can move on to our next presenter thank you so much list.
Next up we have Emily Ha.
Hi, my name is Emily hos, I'm a senior at Bucknell University, and I'm working on this research project with Professor Alan Chamberlain.
Live sicking is a shin restoration technique, and which live cuttings and stems are cutting the tournament season, and then placed into stream banks and they eventually grow into adults with helps to stabilize the stream banks.
By increasing soil cohesion, reducing one off.
And our main research objectives are to class be assigned data for long term study on the impact of life sucking on morphology of feel peaceful carbon storage.
in central pa as we're getting a restoration efforts. I'm the study area of this research project is in Central Pennsylvania, and the tributary isn't.
It's an interpreter of pine Creek.
And it's in the Chesapeake Bay watershed
sedan has experienced drastic alteration due to agriculture, however, is no longer being farmed, and it is currently under a situation and and RCS even say extreme restriction.
I first began in 2018 and live six seven Penton spring shows 19 2020.
We use a combination of methods to collect data for those projects and they include fields Burke and arbitrary analyses.
We did swell shim surveying to during fall thousand times from our foot pain shall topography and characterize for planning channel settlements and surveys to morphology,
and choked with ways of grasses the reeds. And there are locking till showcase I've been placed there that are collapsing as also very narrow channelized.
I'm still serving resource and food.
A primarily salty brown them within Oh horizons and there's not a lot of variation spatial trends, from upstream or downstream.
However, some transsexuals local variability, which you can see a sugar five green size increases with increasing distance from the channel and transit time for soil carbon, we collected soil samples, a long time to transact taken in a study area.
And then we brought it back to the lab at Bucknell University and use the stage to measure carbon concentration.
They mean carbon concentration exterior is 1.6% of the center is 0.5. Carmen concentration percentage ranges from 0.36% to 3.32%.
And there are no consistent spatial trends and floodplain carbon percentage options downstream, or with distance to the channel however we didn't find the intrinsic nine that had the highest average karmic concentration and that is the chance at those
closest to an old mill punk is now a protected wetlands area.
But then to context, um, 1.6% carbon concentration is low compared to.
Compared to publish open to a carbon data, similar to this environment. And this figure figure eight.
Over here shows different environments shows different carbon concentrations in varying environments and floodplain boreal regions, and the rest star indicates where the carbon percentage, found in this study falls as on the lower end.
Additionally, a significant spatial patterns so characteristics or carbon content were found, which suggests a locksmith separation from the channel, and a disconnect between the stream and the floodplain.
Our key conclusions are that measured carbon concentrations are within the low range of absurd values you put it from other Mid Atlantic something environments.
Our findings have been corrosion low carbon concentration no significant special parents or characteristics indicate that distributors is the greatest human need to continue restoration.
Our future work includes continued monitoring of pink rose and humor falls into a carbon project and then the next five years and 516 vegetate the stream banks at this site.
There will be an increasing so carbon, a decrease in stream bed saltation and increase the city LA City and more so variability, including a thicker horizon.
Thank you for listening.
Thank you, Emily.
I've got a question for you, Emily thanks for the great talk.
Is there.
When you're kind of looking into starting this project.
Was there any clear reason why there was such a low vegetation in the red zone here.
Um, so that the area that we're that we're studying has been heavily farms.
For the past several years. And so there are, there is vegetation in the area that's all very similar vegetation.
It's mostly woven runs and so there's not a lot of variation of vegetation so the soil, ends up being mostly the same.
Gotcha. Thank you.
I had a question on your carbon percent versus translocation. It looks like the orange transept there I think seven or eight has the most variability, as far as carbon percent and I was wondering if you had any thoughts as to why that was.
So the transact with the most variability or the highest carbon concentration was traffic nine. And we think it's because that's the transfer closest to what was an Old Mill Pond is now protected wetlands area.
And so we think that that shot like saturation plays a role in preserving soil carbon.
Emily kind of the follow up question on some of your future work and predictions.
Is there kind of I know you're a senior so you're likely moving on from this project but is there kind of plans in the works to continue monitoring down the road after you know some of this vegetation has grown back in to see what that does for years,
the composition of the soil.
Yeah, so one of the goals for the study this year was to collect baseline data for a multi year study in the future so the data collected this year is really serving us as baseline data and we're hoping to monitor monitor it for me I hope I hope at least
at least 10 years to be able to see a change, and hopefully soil carbon and bank corrosion.
Um, and so that's that's that's the hope we have you already, I already.
Someone who's working on the fox in the summer, continue doing what I started so I'm hoping that it will continue.
That's great. Thank you.
Awesome. And it looks like we have a question in the chat room on tree. Since the channel is so straight, I was wondering if there are any other restoration techniques being used alongside live sticking, or is this technique being done exclusively.
Yes So restoration of this area began in 2018 by a local conservation organization, and they did, they have used other humorous duration techniques.
Some of the ones we just observed in the fields were a log.
And that's those are like logs that are placed on the bank so the streams to help stabilize it. Um, that's, that's pretty much the main one that we saw there also.
There's also a lot of limestone right near the, the, the channel, like a meter from the channel on either side.
But we're not exactly sure because this was done before I started working on this project so we're not exactly sure extent of what what's been done or the purpose, but there has been other techniques use.
Um, but we're not looking into how that's affecting the gym or falls you were just focusing on how life saving Yes.
Great.
Well, if anyone has any other questions for Emily, please feel free to ask now, we kind of this is our wrap up discussion period for this poster session so whether it's a question for Emily, or any of the other presenters, please feel free to bring it
up now, you know, we ran out of time during an earlier poster presentation.
Yeah, and I think we actually had a question from Helen Chamberlain that we missed earlier, I think it was pertaining to manuals poster. And the question was, um, any sense of weather changes in said flux impacted like ecology.
Yeah, that is that is really interesting. This wasn't necessarily an ecological review of the big areas, but that is definitely something that would be an interesting pursued.
If someone wanted to look into that, in these lights.
And I had a question going back to our first two talks. So, back, back to the Shippensburg crew. When you were looking at the downslope GDPR transept, would you envision, if you were to do multiple downslope translates like parallel to that one that you
would see a similar basically kind of similar to morphology, in that. So if you select the cation lobe, sorry it's a mouthful there.
Or if you'd have kind of variability. the extending laterally out either way from there.
So I think we are going to see essentially the same thing across the other longitudinal transcends however when you get off of the actual movie feature you're getting you're getting on at the sole function benches.
So there, you're going to see this different that not necessarily the alternating pattern of chaotic and and cohesive layers, but more of a probably a uniform.
I guess subsurface that we see on self watching benches.
Gotcha. And what's the like the the scale of that, like how far across would one of these, like from bench to bench be.
Are you referring to like the run like like show like from Rochester eyes essentially.
Yeah. So we're looking at like I think it was 100 meters in there about 30 or 40 meters high.
They're relatively large features that are not really kind of unique I want to say in this location.
So, ya know it sounds like it. Thank you.
Yes, another question for Emily about the life seeking, um, that's a completely new method that I haven't heard about. So, thank you for sharing. Um, I was wondering how common this method is I noticed on your poster that we don't know too much about
it like how long has it been in practice for.
Um, so it is relatively common because it's so it's very cheap and easy to use.
There have been studies on how it's affecting the ecology of different areas but there haven't been studies on the humor fall he specifically.
So there's a lot of good research on how it's increasing biodiversity and helping to stabilize stream banks but not a ton of how it's affecting the morphology of streams for the channel bad, But it is it is by the US universally it's their studies in
every country pretty much every area of the world.
And it's fairly common in Central Pennsylvania too.
Awesome. Thank you.
Yeah, thanks for your questions. It's really taken off in like the last decade, I would say, just like Emily said because of how cheap it is you can just collect these for free.
It's just leave a little bit of labor to go and if you have a site where someone's willing to have their plants, you know service live six sources, you can collect like a third of the branches of a plant without killing the plant.
So if you can go to a wetland area or a period zone you can collect, you know, thousands of these live sticks and a few, you know, a few days so it's way cheaper than like trying to plant live seedlings.
That's great. And then like, would that help reduce in basis in basis our problem in the area.
Oh, I'm not, I'm not exactly sure our bond basis, um, I mean, I'm not positive I guess it depends on what was planting, you're.
So I want to talk to you. Sure, I can get back to you on that through email, but I'm not sure if it if it directly affects our own invasive species.
No worries, I was just a curiosity.
Yeah, do you think commonly if you have invasive problem you can do like controlled burns, and then to read vegetate plant some of the native live stakes.
But yeah, that just live six by themselves aren't really solution to invasive, I mean if that's your problem you got to, you know, try one of the other ways to get rid of those and that can be a challenge for sure.
Looks like we have another question coming in for Emily says that you mentioned that the. per cent are in the lower range. What would the ideal percent carbon percentages.
We may need some clarification there.
So, that depends on the environment. Um, so the area though we're in the typical. It is. So, in with within the range was on like the very, Very lower end.
And it can range anywhere from what we found just 1.6% upwards to 7% about, um, so it's not that it's within the range stuff in the lower end and it's probably due to it being so heavily farmed in the past.
And Emily and being so modified.
And Emily and being so modified. I'm so we're hoping that with restoration efforts and know, and to the agriculture in the area that it will start to remediate and increase to a carbon, to be more within the median ranges that said the lower end.
Great.
Any other questions for any of the speakers does it have to be just for Emily.
Andy and I do appreciate all the questions that have been coming in everybody's going to ask me fantastic things for our speakers, and thank you also to all of our poster presenters.
They're all fantastic. Yeah, so I mean if there are no one has any other questions, um, yeah like Sam just said just reiterate, you know, thank you all so much for our poster presenters themselves, your, you know all your efforts and creating your posters
ahead of time and getting them submitted, as well as all the participants coming in, and you know, being able to kind of share these presentations virtually with us.
Keep in mind you know if you have questions come to you, down the road, you can always reach out to the presenters or to us and we will get everyone in touch with one another.
And you know, hopefully these we start to see some of these names and faces in person. in, in future conferences.
Yeah. And just a reminder and shameless plug, we have the second half of our technical session this afternoon after lunch break, so that reconvenes at 130 will have eight oral presentations and questions and discussion time then.
So, if you like what you saw, and there will be more and more iterations of that later on this afternoon.
Yeah, I think any pretty much summarize that we're all very grateful for you guys, attending today and hope you have a good lunch I know I'm hungry.
Absolutely.