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Tom Tobin: yeah I think we're good to go.

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Man Lu: Okay, well, we go.

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Man Lu: into the.

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Man Lu: Actual Mr man on the right footing, and it was like good in parallel look like I don't sound like.

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Man Lu: me.

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Man Lu: and

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Man Lu: You must have an Obama.

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Man Lu: The posters.

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Man Lu: Up sounds like.

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Man Lu: let's get started.

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Man Lu: Okay, after everyone, my name is mango and post on working at the University of Alabama time off my puppet is crazy world quite frankly say initiated by Murray organic haven't barrier as a freemium to premium function.

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Man Lu: What choir is one of the nature's most dramatic precisely and it has a purpose as a concept.

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Man Lu: They can change the right patient structure and communicate, they can also alter the soil and water chemistry.

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Man Lu: or two major indicators for what prior first one is chuckles so on these slides the LIFE photo show how the mold and chaka look like and that's a prototype of the incomplete combustion of.

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Man Lu: And then from this photo you can find their fibrous like an open MIC here we are showing you the cellular structure.

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Man Lu: And when you observe the Chapel under the microscope called them, as you know, the nights and this photo show how the you know the night.

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Man Lu: Like under them reflect a microscope the here, we have some great holiday here we're shall we should night as a remains of the vascular plants.

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Man Lu: And you can also find some brighter color them with here, we are here at the you know, Nice and the you know the Nice you perform compared to unburden what your career how high reflectance and our secular actually fragments.

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Man Lu: that's a important indicator for wealth wire is preventing pH.

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Man Lu: pH are organic compounds released by Bernie and they have been widely accepted as effective know chemical markers acquire active on the geological time scale on this slide I show three pack call project page compounds and the my study I also use them as he.

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Man Lu: saw how the wealth, while he was doing the devonian and this fever some wise of global wildfire crisis from the signaling to the left for me.

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Man Lu: And stupider all this evidence for fire was observed from the latest research they doing rocks and from this bigger and the occurrences remain low from the Arctic devonian don't the middle.

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Man Lu: And then we look at the labels will mean we can find that there is wrapped wise in fire currencies from the Left wrong in order for me, however, so far that only several status reporting continuous temperature change in.

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Man Lu: Our frequency during the maintenance.

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Man Lu: So you might call today i'm getting into q3 on previous studies, the first one is dreamer published in 2015 my or the United maestro from the black shells are in Kentucky and Ohio State, and this sections a contender for me.

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Man Lu: And the from this fever, you have fun today of increasing what not enough abundance days, so the communion.

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Man Lu: The next time they is Lou published in 2020 they might know that you know not much from from the actual the five five offices in New York state.

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Man Lu: And in this finger the black dots represent during dinner tonight data and they absorb higher abundances of again not in it for me in for the frog in water, you know i've only heard from several samples from the pmc call and you can't find it have positive is crucial, as I found.

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Man Lu: My study is Cairo and others population in 2013 they have stagnated you the project page as fire paper and they might have them from the black shirts and lunch in Belgium.

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Man Lu: And the this finger, the last column is there on pH they have under they found the high concentration of power, Jan pH in the Arctic for me in fiber this data has been questioned by others, that is due to the lack of tackle.

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Man Lu: Some of these three previous studies, first, but you have fun with the items from the black shells and limestone.

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Man Lu: On this link they won't even pay your geographic Mike for the staffing sections here under the copper color represent the shadow mine your island and you have fun all the study sections what updated Inshallah.

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Man Lu: So just keep that the occurrences of hustle travels and he worried rocks and continuous riker of wildfire based on day three studies can find that continuous high resolution time for change or wildfire prophecy across Africa quandary to do need to be domesticated.

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Man Lu: So you must study i'm going to answer to research questions, the first one is hoggy the wealth by wall across Africa on second is what cause i'm Boucher of our fire across if I.

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Man Lu: wasn't, the first question, for what the hypotheses at there was a rise of wildfire for office, the crows if i'm on and for the second question, we have for the side that changes from is related to can happen barrier and affinity.

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Man Lu: So to test my first hypothesis be collecting samples from Upper devonian channel Shell from central Tennessee.

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Man Lu: And from this live a long period of geographic map and find the Channel show you this section was also updated shalimar environment and this photo is i'm sure how my study section look like the client is a whole race of the Channel will show you that the section.

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Man Lu: The location of boundary in this section once they come in the my paper published on us and the exact study with project that the if I found the ratio of her about.

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Man Lu: Her about the base of the triangle shoe proclivities based on the folly of this.

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Man Lu: Is fabulous I found pottery link is wrong and content.

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Man Lu: and understand, they also recalled a crisis of latest thronging condom go, which is i'm inserting.

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Man Lu: The winning this Ms 13 don't we have everything we are kind of actually reaching Center here what can he which was sort of her right pillows I found.

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Man Lu: Another important evidence is where Mayra the cabin surfing value prop they observe a part of a discussion here this part of a person has been observed over the world around.

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Man Lu: But based on this evidence, we put our location of the iPhone.

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Man Lu: In this study with climate is certainly samples at 20,000 unbeatable in mobile crop and then we collected certainly five samples right below the iPhone.

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Man Lu: And then we did the organic material chemical analysis on first way these are getting.

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Man Lu: All the samples or choco analysis and then we also contact is about macro analysis.

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Man Lu: This is my personal choco result and this photo show valve my sample look like under my I think my.

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Man Lu: scope and you have fun some Greek Helen what here we are, which are which night, you can also find some brighter color what here we are, we shine you know.

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Man Lu: We count them on my phone call and then packers a ratio between the year or the ratio has been used to reply to fire from the from this feeling of funds mutual swimming consistent throw the frog in after the afa Andre to showing current trends.

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Man Lu: And you must study, so this is my pH they have, and this is about macro macro gram of I love my samples and so right paler highlight the progenitor pH.

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Man Lu: In my concentrations of thumb and then calculate the ratio between the power Daddy he published 27 no mountain cabin $27 outcome with soap derived from the fans and the original because i'm has been are used refiners fire from.

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Man Lu: The from this theory of funds to produce women consistently lower throw the frog interval the after the film, you need to have fundraisers showing increasing trend.

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Man Lu: Of the significant positive correlation between nine you know, the ratio and a pH ratio so both of them show the increased by Friday afternoon, if I.

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Man Lu: know you must add a hypothesize that he has organic carbon barrier cost of fire frank's a change, I by Andre is known for the global scale reputation of my organic crisis.

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Man Lu: On this laid on this data volume pillow geographic my August us up like that represent the occurrences of organic might share and limestone around five boundary so you can find that day there was updated report, as I time.

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Man Lu: of organic carbon can generate long build up while most and she can't create a focus of fire at that time.

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Man Lu: to quantify the amount of carbon barrier I in this study we use our forward box model for the globe, of having cycle and this model would propose is on this too sad patients.

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Man Lu: As the left side of the patient I I represent, have a Max for the marine rise up.

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Man Lu: And the day comprising and they comprise the cabin flux, they were from the continental widening the, what can the innovation.

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Man Lu: And the third eye here at present their carbon isotope compensation left side of the ocean, the right side of the to represent up carbon flat an FC right present the file cabinets carbon right reasons, if I have any part of the Thursday under the referees and there is a compensation.

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Man Lu: Here we will find there is a bias twins I put comments last and up.

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Man Lu: And there is a compensation which are status.

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Man Lu: and based on this basic patients have other propose a time dependent equation, and my style, they will use this equation to calculate for which is equal to the organic carbon bond your rate.

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Man Lu: We have our writing though the values today's climate, and this is a quote from the previous studies and the indices mission and use a lot.

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Man Lu: Of highlights a parameter, we should suffice from the previous from other studies first time in his wishes have been searching for cabin certain why they have cabinet.

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Man Lu: And the size of I do from available status of either leave the building and rocks and as a life outside of a, we also need to determine the time to be assigned age to each covenant eyes.

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Man Lu: I suppose the ages are calculated by using the veil geographic donation given by the other advice absolutely the ages given by the powers of Congress.

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Man Lu: After we go them, how do we calculate the organic carbon barrier rate and on this slide to white line is a trend line and just focus on the leap frog in the fall and then you have find out why newsroom in Florida other.

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Man Lu: The here I use orange line to highlight, if you have fun approaching the i'm wondering why do we place an Irish the highest value.

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Man Lu: So just keep that in the organic carbon barrier is if I so combine it with by are worthwhile, they have a record it just organic carbon Barrio as if I boundary the English is a rise of the office during the communion.

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Man Lu: So you might say, can hypothesis, we propose that we hypothesize that organic carbon earlier on, is related to the welfare changes, so how it can change the wildfire from the.

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Man Lu: First, they can change as much oxygen level and the oxygen can be removed from the atmos during the respiration and that they have the organic carbon.

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Man Lu: So you can use organic haven't Barbara with a quiz on hulu hulu will liberate more oxygen at most and the further increase i'm frank was.

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Man Lu: This finger some why the modeling results are showing how the oxygen level change both of us history and there's a paper here highlighted label your inbox and we can fill your agreement with our result because fun, all the studies showing increasing trend with you in the lake.

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Man Lu: Saxon late on so you have organic carbon barrier can have direct influence on the climate change and the my study I use this process.

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Man Lu: to fly the climate change first one is chemical effects of occupation, the second one is about my vision for why we have so just on fighting climate.

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Man Lu: And from this theoretical fun afters if I found also have them show the door decreasing trend, though, the Philippines, so just picking up on climate.

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Man Lu: Climate and.

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Man Lu: So on so we suggest that I see this can come and barrier where they create a CO2 concentration at the most, it will lower the temperature.

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Man Lu: which were other cooling climate where produce life and what are we are in that mode, which will be our products are trying climate and then further increase the frequency of.

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Man Lu: So the punk lawyers of my star, the first what choir pharmacy your priest after that I found on.

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Man Lu: Fire for atlas it is linked to the organic carbon area as the iPhone.

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Man Lu: is writing organic carbon borrow money to hire and most most reliable and dryer climate during the minion pulls off may have he may have.

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Man Lu: So here i'm going to thank the support from these findings, and I welcome any questions.

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Man Lu: So I think I still have a couple minutes.

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Man Lu: Three minutes.

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Tom Tobin: Do we have any questions, people can raise their hand or just turn on their.

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Tom Tobin: Video and ask question if they want or you can ask a question, via the chat.

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Man Lu: On.

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Tom Tobin: I can ask you a quick question man that when people are figuring things out.

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Tom Tobin: The more oxygen things he's pretty well linked with forest fires, but my understanding is that most conditions.

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Tom Tobin: A lower temperature would be associated with a lower risk of wildfires all other things being equal, if you put much thought into looking at other time periods with lower temperatures.

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Man Lu: So for my study I didn't guys.

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Man Lu: think you guys have proxy for the temperature change, based on the other studies, there is a calling parents and latest for me.

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Man Lu: which was a blessing virtualization a look hi the.

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Man Lu: temperature the temperature is still pretty high i'd like hi Oh, they only think Chris critically during the latest me.

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Man Lu: um.

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Man Lu: No more question, I think we can move to our next speaker, which is in China.

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Tom Tobin: You should probably wait and started on the 50 mark just because to keep ourselves on schedule, people are jumping around from session to session.

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Man Lu: Okay yeah.

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Just because.

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Tom Tobin: that's my feeling on this subject, but i'm happy to.

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Tom Tobin: Do differently, we want.

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Tom Tobin: Do you want to get your screen sharing going and things like that, though, we can get that rolling.

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Jian Chen: see my screen.

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Tom Tobin: Can you, I want to make it full screen on the presentation, but.

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Tom Tobin: Give it one more minute.

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Tom Tobin: hello, are you doing interest.

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Man Lu: yeah i'm still on our let's welcome our next speaker.

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Man Lu: From your voice of Alabama.

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Man Lu: Is the title of our talk is micro Community response to the point where i'm going home.

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Man Lu: alright.

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Man Lu: guys welcome.

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Jian Chen: Thank you for your introduction and welcome to my presentation.

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Jian Chen: My research is about microbial Community response to OSHA Annika anoxic events so after that, the only metric conditions as a hypothesis of global cooling.

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Jian Chen: Hello cooling oceanic acid occasion for Kenny his own and and Maria Nancy are is all are often proposed, our thoughts are live at the bone mass extinction events.

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Jian Chen: At the Marina nexia is a while also most popular opposed to support our live with the owner mass extinctions because many studies that have new builders.

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Jian Chen: association all of my real enough crb late at the mass extinctions like studies suggest relationship between your senior and too late at the volumetric financial studies indicate that relationship between an oxy and FM mass extinction in Europe and Australia some studies.

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Jian Chen: reveal the anoxic or you have not doing an elitist our feminine power broker event in the South China.

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Jian Chen: He stated that manager chemical proxies also revealed itself association all related to only appear arguments, but he's a marine anoxic environments.

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Jian Chen: are left with the comments 13 of companies and organic carbon suggest a toxic environment having a doing the upper and a lower work how rest, are you are you.

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Jian Chen: Are markers can help us.

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Jian Chen: An oxy cotton environments have, in the form of our teams are your events event and the trees medal in I can kill as an oxy for humans happened that into a horrible good balance sheet metal data data often also can show us similar story about it.

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Jian Chen: On oxygen environments and from the funnier to feminine.

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Jian Chen: anoxic environments, it can cause more ecosystem class, but at the same time Murray, where we microbial.

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Jian Chen: microbial communities have some very interesting response to the toxic environments many studies.

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Jian Chen: How discover the changes in microbial communities are doing different them as it country bands like is our perimeter Isaac.

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Jian Chen: PTT messy finishing an observation as attention, but until now know people have cable asked.

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Jian Chen: If we fancy will study about as a leader who anoxic EBS and responses or more microbial communities that through the anoxic how humans, so I have to research questions so first one is how many and what anoxic.

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Jian Chen: o'shea anoxic or you guys have into into later the role now the second one is what are their responses, also a little the volunteer microbial community to oceanic.

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Jian Chen: anoxic events in order to answer my research questions I have started my research into, you know as vision, so you know it was.

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Jian Chen: In Eastern Europe, and it was advertising no savings, please.

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Jian Chen: Please at the owner sediments from the Illinois basin are who the printer of the archival or what your chemistry and some sentiment orgy related to.

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Jian Chen: Your mental changes and the changes in microbial communities, because of the position was a continuous and some wonderful summer maturity is a very low in the one and share.

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Jian Chen: My studies side is that humans are ways to Kentucky actually it is treating hall as a core is archived in Turkey hockey geological survey.

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Jian Chen: operative sediments from Illinois basin is a Shell Shell and that's the monitor Shell or license middle stellar spoken number of funds bottom to the top of the militia has six members, they are blogger sameer martinsville Cameron correct correct and Canada.

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Jian Chen: So me that the only our service broker number is lemon stone.

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Jian Chen: So, most of the communist top far so in this number is a black hat this Member has the week coverage intensity and initiative has a look to see data about I don't have a QC data for this number.

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Jian Chen: Blocker member is a precarious black Shell fossils like Cree noise and Brett Brett has occurred in this Member not in this number this number has a little higher Tuesday and stronger camry intensity Center service order number.

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Jian Chen: We killed me so Samuel member is black Shell, but we can offend some localized Dr Michelle the ratio is a centimeter scale, it is Monday.

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Jian Chen: December to keep this number to say is a little bit higher and a camera intensity intensity is stronger as well.

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Jian Chen: So Morgan to remember is this King to buy his load your state and a big company that has paid in this involving slow to say, we can offend a sound bath patients and standard lamanna.

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Jian Chen: They indicated in your grammar into the moments should be oximeter to support and increase the lander inputs.

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Jian Chen: But we also can find some black show you this number.

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Jian Chen: To Cameron number has already relatively high, but a flag to eating QC we also can find some pros and send a green in this number.

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Jian Chen: so clever creek Member has the highest he will say and stroke, is the memory intensity so outer the outer Shell in my studies site, the lead story in this Member is a very simple is the actual parents are very common in this number.

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Jian Chen: The top stuff however man bra sizes all lowest Tuesday and with his family intensity, so the surgery in this number is green barstow we can find some intense perturbations locally in case number.

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Jian Chen: I have collected at samples of funds or block remember to that and of our Members and our reach assembling interval it's about a meter.

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Jian Chen: In order to reconstruct anoxic events and the changes that you made rubio communicator I have finished up for your camera your chemical analysis manager and the trees Meta analysis and analysis by different instruments.

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Jian Chen: So let us see what we can't stand the results of this curve is after the concert team all organic carbon based on Saturday Constantine values and.

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Jian Chen: The story of the Members are how temporarily identified or false value and so Avatar liquid ammonia myself side because the hand about Member is our costs etc boundary, so I think, as our topics and biggest.

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Jian Chen: concern is corrosion is a corresponding to the hammer.

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Jian Chen: To F F boundary is roughly in the camera camera remember, so I think that is why, is our cancer Vance now, this one is a corresponding to the lower commercial batch.

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Jian Chen: After the middle of on your part three, there are multiple elements, they are we are straight middlesex team.

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Jian Chen: can do.

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Jian Chen: But at this moment i'm not sure just kind of shooting excursion is corresponding to fish, one on zoom because the best to the profit is not available, it will be easier for me to identify this one one telstra telstra the profit is available data.

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Jian Chen: is not your chemical boxes of the current 13 all companies are getting the carbonate mulligan live I don't know enrichment factor uranium enrichment factor.

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Jian Chen: As a ratio of sample or was a ratio of water and cover 18 to 20 arrow as open noise or normalized to accuse say I have identified to anoxic events so first one is a phones are early for nia today and also made or the second one is a form of the latest stuff for nia to.

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Jian Chen: need a feminine.

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Jian Chen: I also found intimidator you see screen, if you want between the two anoxic or events as a DC boundary with CAFE and.

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Jian Chen: you've seen it, but you grant before this PC bottle you see Nikki banjo I can fend.

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Jian Chen: off the environments or oxygenate.

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Jian Chen: The value adds all X and the lbw I related to the first half anoxic or events or the UK UK w is it related to.

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Jian Chen: intermittent senior and it's our 30th is always our second or Nazi for the Heidelberg usps a little bit complicated.

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Jian Chen: orifice or However, the environment, was an oximeter say became opposite and the family became a percentage.

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Jian Chen: Let us say the responses all microbial communities.

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Jian Chen: We cash and a few others are later Florida and a famine yeah land inputs or increase them, as indicated by the ratio or launching our kinzer over workshop to outcomes and of the ratio or America or aluminum.

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Jian Chen: Because it has this is doing is it's two periods of we also can find that intimidating in terminator are you feeling, even as and another you've seen it, so I think you can do intermittent senior and as a hamburger senior or related to increase the landing puts.

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Jian Chen: This curve is.

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Jian Chen: bacterial ready to have about this this abundance was a higher doings for anoxic events and was a low means.

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Jian Chen: Not intermittent senior and the PC bottle you've seen it for us, so I think bacteria relative about the changes secular secular equally.

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Jian Chen: or January follows us and you're back three, we can say either boom the forms of are you today later feminine.

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Jian Chen: But it's a bonus all sound the bacteria decline since the latest stuff.

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Jian Chen: about it much more topic bacteria is interesting because a the highest to to me, even as adults are doing as a little family I ended data from maybe it isn't related to the input as well.

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Jian Chen: Apparently, is about our communities, we can say from the first unlocks hagar was intermittent senior so second an oxy and so PC partner you've seen, we can say to our abundance of red LG was the videos they'll pass the abundance of reality was the increase.

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Jian Chen: So changing trends are for the two communities that were reversed into oxy learners, so I think that the logic and explaining QA environments for fear about to reality, but after your road to read energy.

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Jian Chen: Family a hell fell conclusions so first of all, is neither colonia ocean was all the lead in oxygen in the eastern Europe, America.

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Jian Chen: Why intermittent tell us senior and senior occurred in the middle of run out and ended up this a boundary respectively Atlanta imposed increase that during the UK w and Harvard and the word related foods are intermittent intermittent that you've seen it and a PC boundary cynical Iranians.

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Jian Chen: Back three or four the moon cycles see on the back to school in anoxic and you've seen a few moments mass not troughs increase the during.

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Jian Chen: intermission that you've seen it and, as a BC powder you've seen a car you guys anoxic or add that you've seen if the government's more favorable to.

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Jian Chen: Our community, but I feel about to read our community are Finally I would like to send people have a base level analysis field workers sample collections and the sample.

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Jian Chen: level Members now some of that our research found us into our scholarships.

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Jian Chen: Time to kind of Christians.

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Jian Chen: yeah.

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Oh.

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Man Lu: Go ahead.

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Tom Tobin: Can I can ask you a quick question, while people are adjusting.

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Tom Tobin: can hear me okay.

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Tom Tobin: yeah i'm in the previous talk we thought positive excursion associated with the FF boundary that went to something like look, if I remember correctly, something in the neighborhood of negative.

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Tom Tobin: And you don't see a similar much of an excursion here associated with the boundary and certainly not have the same magnitude, but we are pretty close.

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Tom Tobin: and geographic proximity um do you have any thoughts on why you don't see the same record here, as he did in a relatively nearby area in the previous talk.

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Jian Chen: Oh no oh yeah in the lobby that i'm the one that is, and you have your ab initio as well.

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Jian Chen: In the outer Shell forms are elevating the FF roderick is in the Opera opera on your Shell so that's why I think FF boundary is here because of our democracy is a form the organ trio tucson Clara creek Member.

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Tom Tobin: I guess what i'm getting at, though, is like the interpretation of these carbon isotope records, as if that represents a global shift.

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Tom Tobin: i'd be curious why you don't see that global shift in your section that makes sense.

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Jian Chen: I think.

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Jian Chen: So global shift of order to have the ability to.

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Jian Chen: resolve is it similar to others.

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Jian Chen: about it that they're concerned me.

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Tom Tobin: Think of a question from candy yeah.

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Rindsberg, Andrew: hi i'm.

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Rindsberg, Andrew: trace fossil person.

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Rindsberg, Andrew: like to ask a trace fossil question Oh, the you mentioned that one of the Members, is what is quite low and burrows is there a cut off point in terms of.

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Rindsberg, Andrew: oxygen or or some other parameter that you can identify that that could be useful to acknowledges.

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Jian Chen: Oh, you mean.

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Rindsberg, Andrew: yeah some point at which you don't see any more burrows that were the conditions are too too difficult.

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Jian Chen: Oh in this Member I can find some birds patients, and those are topics I can stand for, so I think, maybe the indicator to the government's was a little bit of oxygen oxygenated.

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Rindsberg, Andrew: Thank you.

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Tom Tobin: good time for maybe one or two more questions if there are any.

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Tom Tobin: chicken for anyone who has any questions feel free to ask him via chat.

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Tom Tobin: Or to raise your hand like we just saw there.

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Tom Tobin: Alright, well, we can.

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Tom Tobin: kind of thank john again with us a little slow reaction since well, if you want, but who's the next you are you next.

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Yuehan Lu: Year will be prison.

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Tom Tobin: Sorry.

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Tom Tobin: you're in bold on the thing which.

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Usually.

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Man Lu: means for.

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Man Lu: Everyone.

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Tom Tobin: yep.

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Okay.

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Tom Tobin: And you're good timing wise to start whenever you're ready.

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John Fronimos: able to hear you are.

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Tom Tobin: You speaking.

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Yuehan Lu: We cannot hear you.

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Man Lu: Okay.

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Tom Tobin: Now we can.

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Man Lu: Go no sound coming up what's going on.

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Tom Tobin: We can hear you now.

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Man Lu: But not from Aleppo then.

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Tom Tobin: Oh, you playing recording.

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Tom Tobin: yeah oh no it couldn't hear any recording so now.

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Tom Tobin: If you go to when you're sharing screen I think in the top, one of the buttons is share sound and you might need to do to turn that on if you haven't.

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Rindsberg, Andrew: And in the first session they recommended that we not do the share sound feature.

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Rindsberg, Andrew: You might want to go to the bottom of the screen left hand, where it says mute and change select a microphone and use instead of the top one change to the second one stereo mix that should work.

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Rindsberg, Andrew: But you'll have to change it back after yeah.

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Tom Tobin: we're not hearing any sound UK for supposed to.

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Man Lu: know.

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Man Lu: No.

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Tom Tobin: Just you just you talking to hear the sound from like narration or anything.

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Man Lu: come in.

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Man Lu: photo.

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Yuehan Lu: Fine, no, we cannot hear you.

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Man Lu: So just one quick text.

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Man Lu: text.

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Man Lu: Every time I see what is.

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Man Lu: possible.

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Man Lu: But we do.

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Man Lu: Not.

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Man Lu: have to run.

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The.

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Man Lu: Company this song.

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Man Lu: by Bob seger.

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Man Lu: Against the wind.

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Man Lu: So precise three just.

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Man Lu: Yet.

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Man Lu: i'm sure you have a job.

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Man Lu: And I guarantee it there was something London.

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Man Lu: Right now.

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Man Lu: Or the fire is so yeah Australia.

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Man Lu: So that.

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Man Lu: You see here yeah for is shown on the water pollution in the world.

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Man Lu: The nature.

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Man Lu: of Estonia, what did it a lot.

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it's.

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Man Lu: A lot of fire.

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Man Lu: So it's three different rivers of controlling us.

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Man Lu: Time.

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Man Lu: or yesterday, the wonder, or how about film or the fire yes.

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Man Lu: Maybe it would cast.

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Man Lu: vegetation.

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Man Lu: Like for us.

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Man Lu: On the panel.

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Man Lu: This is.

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Man Lu: By the ocean.

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Man Lu: So Scott.

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Man Lu: published.

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Man Lu: six.

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Man Lu: back.

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Man Lu: To that 15 that's always our study.

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Man Lu: study by back to.

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Man Lu: The word in copper again the auction liver evolution.

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Man Lu: present the.

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Man Lu: story of writing expert in.

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Man Lu: This chrome Scott.

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Man Lu: Thomas care.

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Man Lu: On this, no.

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Man Lu: No for Syria.

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Man Lu: Events so just the most fun yes sometime in the missive.

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Man Lu: How about that.

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Man Lu: I was all there are some.

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Man Lu: Of the proposed this idea we are four years.

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Man Lu: Other important certain if.

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Man Lu: One is good, the second option on.

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Man Lu: This idea.

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Man Lu: Is corresponding to whether funny versa.

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Man Lu: So, for example, them, you know.

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Man Lu: they're fun the charcoal jump.

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Man Lu: Then the including around data devonian.

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Man Lu: We have.

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Man Lu: The more sample size.

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Man Lu: This.

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Man Lu: is a global phenomenon.

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Man Lu: That.

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Man Lu: time I said day.

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Man Lu: Oh, here we go.

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Man Lu: Oh, I wish we have.

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Man Lu: Not.

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Man Lu: to graduate.

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Man Lu: You know, saying that.

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Man Lu: This.

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Man Lu: Is.

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Man Lu: Good.

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Man Lu: environment.

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Man Lu: Now we are highly cited a pathway, and we started to write this for.

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Man Lu: You wondering if.

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Man Lu: You know.

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Man Lu: How much bias involved.

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Man Lu: PBS pointed out.

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Man Lu: So we did a bunch of analysis cleaning up over.

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Man Lu: That you can find a supplementary material.

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yeah.

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Man Lu: So we have 65 or grasses and put up.

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Man Lu: As.

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Man Lu: Much playing time dance.

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Man Lu: Every data types.

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Man Lu: Of the rockstar.

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Man Lu: environment.

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Man Lu: include that Joe cronin.

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Man Lu: Number six.

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Man Lu: This study.

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Man Lu: Before.

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Man Lu: So, based on.

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Man Lu: This is us full time.

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Man Lu: Following with.

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Man Lu: Well, first of all, establish your time since the.

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Man Lu: Full audience before we got on the phone.

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Man Lu: What your job.

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Man Lu: Is.

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Man Lu: lot of things going on during the time.

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Man Lu: So for us for this done.

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Yes.

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Man Lu: i'm setting 10 GA go GA.

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Man Lu: With a good metrics simply it's called.

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Man Lu: Number of work, for your organization.

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Man Lu: So, like this.

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Man Lu: Number where you see some sport, you have to be numbers like Nigeria, look at the highest you see many general.

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Man Lu: summary of.

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Man Lu: Your code up over the fire, they want to take.

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Man Lu: We separated.

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Man Lu: America, Asia, from the work we did cover up the starting to America.

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Man Lu: Now we have a good.

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Man Lu: one.

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Man Lu: For you, oh.

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Man Lu: We have a very low signal from.

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Man Lu: California well, this must be a tough job.

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Man Lu: most notable what is.

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Man Lu: In.

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Man Lu: there.

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Man Lu: o

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Man Lu: w.

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Man Lu: us who made a call higher button in the coming young.

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Man Lu: At the time for.

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Man Lu: This show but.

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Man Lu: Maybe the main player source it's not really.

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Man Lu: me.

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Man Lu: i'm a show and some example of.

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Man Lu: what's going on.

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Man Lu: With attention scales.

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Man Lu: On top that put the smaller but.

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Man Lu: They couldn't even.

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Man Lu: If it.

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Man Lu: could be a big.

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Man Lu: component.

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Man Lu: that's my mother.

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Man Lu: And not only a size but so.

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Man Lu: What that.

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Man Lu: You saw.

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Man Lu: Russia.

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Man Lu: France.

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Man Lu: So tree on the show off.

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Man Lu: In various.

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Man Lu: times.

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Man Lu: interesting.

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Man Lu: What do you.

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Man Lu: See the prompts.

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Man Lu: They can be a bit.

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Man Lu: well.

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Man Lu: that's good for.

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Man Lu: us.

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Man Lu: Oh yeah.

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Man Lu: yeah.

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Man Lu: Well, no.

395
00:56:01.430 --> 00:56:01.760
Man Lu: But this.

396
00:56:03.290 --> 00:56:03.650
Man Lu: Is.

397
00:56:06.110 --> 00:56:07.700
Man Lu: This is not.

398
00:56:10.580 --> 00:56:11.240
Man Lu: Just about coming.

399
00:56:12.980 --> 00:56:13.370
Man Lu: To them.

400
00:56:16.670 --> 00:56:17.060
Man Lu: what's going.

401
00:56:18.440 --> 00:56:18.620
On.

402
00:56:26.540 --> 00:56:27.980
Man Lu: yeah yeah unified.

403
00:56:29.150 --> 00:56:31.130
Man Lu: right before that must is is.

404
00:56:33.620 --> 00:56:33.950
Man Lu: Even though.

405
00:56:35.030 --> 00:56:35.720
Man Lu: The bus but.

406
00:56:39.710 --> 00:56:40.880
Man Lu: Just coming on this.

407
00:56:50.810 --> 00:56:51.020
Man Lu: Oh.

408
00:56:56.420 --> 00:56:56.750
Man Lu: yeah.

409
00:57:04.400 --> 00:57:07.040
Man Lu: Oh you're gonna find them in this must be the main.

410
00:57:10.820 --> 00:57:11.030
Man Lu: one.

411
00:57:16.040 --> 00:57:17.930
Man Lu: That listed here.

412
00:57:18.980 --> 00:57:21.170
Man Lu: crime and authority factor for.

413
00:57:27.470 --> 00:57:29.750
Man Lu: Distribution such as a.

414
00:57:33.440 --> 00:57:33.770
Man Lu: kid.

415
00:57:39.290 --> 00:57:40.580
Man Lu: Well then, we kind of.

416
00:57:44.870 --> 00:57:46.490
Man Lu: divided by toughest and yeah.

417
00:57:55.880 --> 00:57:56.240
Man Lu: What.

418
00:57:59.720 --> 00:58:00.590
Man Lu: was going.

419
00:58:02.570 --> 00:58:04.040
Man Lu: On five.

420
00:58:08.420 --> 00:58:09.050
Man Lu: High intensity.

421
00:58:10.130 --> 00:58:11.600
Man Lu: needed to order.

422
00:58:23.690 --> 00:58:23.900
Man Lu: Of.

423
00:58:25.580 --> 00:58:25.820
Man Lu: us.

424
00:58:28.070 --> 00:58:28.850
Man Lu: feel better.

425
00:58:32.270 --> 00:58:32.690
Man Lu: Then.

426
00:58:35.990 --> 00:58:36.320
Man Lu: Just.

427
00:58:39.020 --> 00:58:39.500
Man Lu: we're just.

428
00:58:41.390 --> 00:58:42.770
Man Lu: Showing just one of them.

429
00:58:49.640 --> 00:58:50.030
Man Lu: Prius.

430
00:58:56.300 --> 00:58:56.810
Man Lu: C.

431
00:58:58.160 --> 00:58:59.000
Man Lu: code so.

432
00:59:03.350 --> 00:59:03.620
Man Lu: Is.

433
00:59:06.230 --> 00:59:06.440
Man Lu: It.

434
00:59:10.220 --> 00:59:11.780
Man Lu: Oh here's a quick someone at.

435
00:59:14.390 --> 00:59:16.760
Man Lu: Your own peril high up for you see if.

436
00:59:20.150 --> 00:59:22.640
Man Lu: I can get important.

437
00:59:26.690 --> 00:59:27.470
Man Lu: Positive.

438
00:59:32.660 --> 00:59:34.760
Man Lu: For us, the area and the time.

439
00:59:38.510 --> 00:59:39.020
Man Lu: People.

440
00:59:48.800 --> 00:59:51.230
Man Lu: you're hoping to finish it in time for.

441
00:59:57.770 --> 01:00:00.710
Man Lu: me just a person you marry me.

442
01:00:01.850 --> 01:00:02.240
Man Lu: Time.

443
01:00:03.470 --> 01:00:03.740
Man Lu: So.

444
01:00:06.950 --> 01:00:11.270
Tom Tobin: cool I think we're basically out of time it's been Thank you okay.

445
01:00:14.000 --> 01:00:18.380
Tom Tobin: He gave us we're going to share the poster for the next talk, or do you want me to take care of that.

446
01:00:30.170 --> 01:00:31.340
Man Lu: Our next speaker.

447
01:00:37.550 --> 01:00:37.880
Man Lu: here.

448
01:00:43.190 --> 01:00:43.880
Tom Tobin: We still still.

449
01:00:46.640 --> 01:00:47.180
Man Lu: hold on.

450
01:00:49.850 --> 01:00:51.860
Man Lu: Can you see the poster now.

451
01:00:52.580 --> 01:00:53.630
Tom Tobin: Yes, yep.

452
01:00:54.050 --> 01:00:55.460
Man Lu: Okay i'm going to play.

453
01:01:05.900 --> 01:01:07.760
Tom Tobin: move don't hear the sound from it again.

454
01:01:18.080 --> 01:01:18.980
Man Lu: Oh sorry.

455
01:01:21.800 --> 01:01:22.580
Man Lu: Oh so.

456
01:01:23.900 --> 01:01:26.120
Tom Tobin: Let me try from my end i'll see if I can share it.

457
01:01:27.620 --> 01:01:28.970
Man Lu: Okay sorry about it.

458
01:01:47.240 --> 01:01:52.850
Tom Tobin: Can you all see that Okay, yes i'll try the sound hopefully it will work from the sun and we'll see.

459
01:01:58.580 --> 01:02:02.120
Tom Tobin: My name is Kathleen ducky and today we able to hear that.

460
01:02:02.570 --> 01:02:03.860
Man Lu: Yes, yeah cool.

461
01:02:03.920 --> 01:02:05.000
Tom Tobin: All right, i'll go.

462
01:02:06.980 --> 01:02:10.940
Man Lu: Talking about late devonian rocks from a new site in Southwest or Mongolia.

463
01:02:12.170 --> 01:02:18.440
So the light devonian is characterized by prolonged climate instability periods oceanic and nexia and multiple mass extinctions.

464
01:02:19.250 --> 01:02:29.780
The problem is our understanding of the late event Ian Ian oxiana extinction events is compromised by Paleo geographic sample bias, as nearly all study locations are in North America, Europe and South China.

465
01:02:30.680 --> 01:02:35.300
North America and Europe were Paleo geographically Jason at the time as NGOs form.

466
01:02:37.550 --> 01:02:47.900
On the way to the inbox shows in the US included the marcellus shale on the central appalachians and and try to new Michelle and the southern applications which are important because they hold all the available oil in that watch mountains.

467
01:02:49.940 --> 01:02:59.360
The cause of the antioxidants and late, if anyone has long been debated many studies have explained these events as deep oceanic events associated with upwelling or transgression.

468
01:02:59.720 --> 01:03:05.960
But a newer top down model involves land atmosphere ocean interactions that cause algal blooms in each location.

469
01:03:07.610 --> 01:03:17.450
So now we're sampling devonian arcs throughout the Central Asian organic belt or the CEO be to provide a more geographically comprehensive data set and test the new top down model.

470
01:03:18.800 --> 01:03:25.850
So we sampled the buying hoshi ruin section of Southwestern Mongolia which likely represents and isolated volcanic island Arc environment.

471
01:03:26.990 --> 01:03:41.390
While we did not find bombshell we did find evidence of explosive volcanism volcanic ashes and salts and now we're trying to figure out the type time maturity of the island are the deposition environment how the basalt flows are related and so on.

472
01:03:43.310 --> 01:03:50.060
We found meter thick ash deposits and pillow salts that are indicative of an open ocean environment.

473
01:03:51.170 --> 01:03:58.580
And this environment is important because, if it is anoxic It means that the an oxy must be global and not restricted to tropical at the con and will seize.

474
01:03:59.900 --> 01:04:07.040
The problem is that the anoxic here isn't presentable in a visual way due to a lack of typography that would support black Shell preservation.

475
01:04:08.240 --> 01:04:16.880
So we're testing the degree of alteration to determine if tectonics and metamorphosis and had destroyed the chemical signals that will tell us whether or not we are dealing with an oxy conditions.

476
01:04:18.230 --> 01:04:26.150
So far, we've used optical microscopy xperia fraction catheter luminescent and scanning electron microscopy.

477
01:04:26.870 --> 01:04:39.740
And thus far they indicate that the buying COSI ruins are characterized by mixture of sedimentary rock volcanic rocks and volcanic classic rocks that have experienced low grade my Marxism up through print it familiar faces.

478
01:04:41.330 --> 01:04:56.180
And if you look at these images of the one on the top left is optical microscopy image showing evidence and some logo a metamorphosis as well as the bottom left, which is SEM also showing low grade metamorphosis on.

479
01:04:57.590 --> 01:04:58.070
The top.

480
01:04:59.120 --> 01:05:13.160
Right is showing cemetery rocks amateur cemetery rocks and it is capitalism in essence and the bottom right is also Catherine Catherine luminescent image showing alteration product.

481
01:05:14.300 --> 01:05:16.370
Like clay or potentially see lives.

482
01:05:18.710 --> 01:05:32.120
So much of this island okay Mongolia to find black shale and and ice events and said found these metamorphic sequences so i'm there for trying to decouple the amount of market mineral and chemical signatures from the original geochemical signatures.

483
01:05:33.260 --> 01:05:37.550
So we found green shirt species metamorphosis and an event in Ireland, our environment.

484
01:05:39.110 --> 01:05:44.420
Any anoxic signals that were originally here we're probably metamorphosed and are no longer detectable.

485
01:05:46.100 --> 01:05:56.390
The metamorphosis and mineral assemblages are consistent with the tectonic setting but preclude our ability to detect the primary mineralogy and stable isotopes dangers associated with the extinction event horizons.

486
01:05:58.010 --> 01:06:08.270
Although the new data collected for the site is not appropriate for determining the cause of the lead dominion extinction events, it has produced a revised strata graphic and metamorphic framework for this understudy region.

487
01:06:10.370 --> 01:06:13.460
And that is all I have today Thank you so much for listening.

488
01:06:18.080 --> 01:06:25.850
Tom Tobin: All right, i'm going to stop sharing and get the right way for back always just reshare that if we need to does anyone have any questions.

489
01:06:26.900 --> 01:06:29.330
Tom Tobin: As soon, I think I saw Kathleen here earlier.

490
01:06:31.460 --> 01:06:31.790
Katie Duckett: Yes.

491
01:06:43.370 --> 01:06:44.960
Tom Tobin: So i'll ask you a question quickly.

492
01:06:46.040 --> 01:06:50.300
Tom Tobin: Forgive me if you touched on this, I was trying to do some tech stuff on the bit in the background.

493
01:06:52.430 --> 01:07:06.140
Tom Tobin: A simple extract some pretty some or they've been paper and people extracted organic material some pretty deformed pretty old rocks is there any chance that there's like just karajan in there, that you can get at the MIC preserve some kind of signal.

494
01:07:10.400 --> 01:07:21.770
Katie Duckett: So last time we saw so so far no evidence of black show so thanks so from my knowledge, most of my research is about the.

495
01:07:23.840 --> 01:07:28.670
Katie Duckett: More than mineral mineralogy to see if we can do a couple of the geo chemical signals.

496
01:07:29.780 --> 01:07:30.680
Katie Duckett: So.

497
01:07:32.360 --> 01:07:34.580
Katie Duckett: As knowledgeable about the black show in particular.

498
01:07:40.340 --> 01:07:43.580
Tom Tobin: We have other questions either via chat or raise your hand or just.

499
01:07:45.470 --> 01:07:45.920
Tom Tobin: buy them.

500
01:07:58.790 --> 01:08:06.620
Tom Tobin: Just for future reference on posters I believe everyone can look at the posters online themselves so if you do we have a few more posters coming up here.

501
01:08:07.130 --> 01:08:14.090
Tom Tobin: So if you want to kind of follow along and have a look around the poster as well beyond with presenters presenting feel free to do that, to go forward.

502
01:08:27.050 --> 01:08:33.800
Tom Tobin: Alright, well, we don't have any other questions let's thank our speaker again and.

503
01:08:34.910 --> 01:08:44.150
Tom Tobin: You can always chat with her, if you do other questions in the chat window and i'll guess for my other Co chairs i'll just queue up since i've got this queued up, I can queue up the next poster as well.

504
01:08:49.520 --> 01:08:49.760
Man Lu: I know.

505
01:08:54.590 --> 01:08:57.740
Tom Tobin: I can't hear what you're saying, but I assume you want me just to play the next poster.

506
01:09:04.760 --> 01:09:05.330
Tom Tobin: Thanks katie.

507
01:09:07.760 --> 01:09:10.430
Tom Tobin: So you give me one moment to get us queued up for the next one.

508
01:09:12.080 --> 01:09:13.940
Tom Tobin: Make sure i'm queuing up the correct one.

509
01:09:15.020 --> 01:09:36.980
And 40.

510
01:09:43.010 --> 01:09:43.730
Tom Tobin: alright.

511
01:09:45.110 --> 01:09:48.650
Tom Tobin: double check is the correct talk cool girl can see that okay.

512
01:10:01.610 --> 01:10:08.420
Tom Tobin: During Paleo ecological studies larger specimens are commonly used based on their ease of collection, processing and identification.

513
01:10:08.960 --> 01:10:17.390
Tom Tobin: This study aim to gather Paleo ecological insight from the often excluded smaller size fraction of fossils just want to double check that everyone's able to hear that okay.

514
01:10:21.290 --> 01:10:21.980
Tom Tobin: cool Thank you.

515
01:10:22.820 --> 01:10:23.870
Tom Tobin: All right, i'll resume that.

516
01:10:24.290 --> 01:10:26.780
Tom Tobin: I guess i'll start that over again just so we get the title slide back in.

517
01:10:28.850 --> 01:10:35.630
During Paleo ecological studies larger specimens are commonly used based on their ease of collection, processing and identification.

518
01:10:36.200 --> 01:10:41.870
This study aim to gather Paleo ecological insight from the often excluded smaller size fraction of fossils.

519
01:10:42.380 --> 01:10:55.880
be collected a full assemblage of large and small gastropods and analyzed both sides fractions in order to find out if the smaller gastropods different taxonomic Lee from the larger gastropods or if the smaller were immature or small adult versions of the larger kind of hurts.

520
01:10:57.320 --> 01:11:03.890
We collected book Simon samples from the Pennsylvania and finance shale in West Texas at three localities within 10 kilometers of one another.

521
01:11:04.760 --> 01:11:14.510
We then separated the fossils in the two sides fractions a large fraction contained fossils greater than two millimeters and the small fraction contained fossils between point eight five and two millimeters.

522
01:11:15.050 --> 01:11:26.780
The small fractions were split into 420 5% sub samples corresponding to 100% large fraction for each sample all gastropods were then separated and identified to the genius level.

523
01:11:27.800 --> 01:11:32.180
And here we have a comparison photo of the small versus large gastropods used in this study.

524
01:11:33.470 --> 01:11:40.850
So each sample location and corresponding started graphics collection height are split into the two sides fractions shown on the X axis.

525
01:11:41.330 --> 01:11:49.850
With the small fractions represented in purple and large fractions in blue, the total number of gastropods in each sample is shown on the y axis.

526
01:11:50.570 --> 01:12:01.880
And at all strata graphic positions and locations in a given sample there as many as two to five times more small specimens in a single 25% split as there were in the entire large fraction.

527
01:12:02.600 --> 01:12:10.430
This may be the result of preservation or a tough gnomic differences between these two sides fractions with the smaller gastropods preserved in greater numbers, then larger.

528
01:12:11.060 --> 01:12:24.950
Another possibility is that the larger specimens are more susceptible to damage during sample processing, which left the smaller fraction with a higher intact number, it may also be that the Environment was just able to support greater numbers of the smaller gastropods.

529
01:12:26.720 --> 01:12:34.430
We examine the relative abundance of the most abundant individual general and the color scheme here is the same with small being purple and large being blue.

530
01:12:34.910 --> 01:12:40.910
The sample locations are still on the X axis and the relative abundance percentages are shown on the y axis.

531
01:12:41.570 --> 01:12:49.850
service for President in both large and small fractions of the West spillway into the three strata graphic heights but they're absent completely from the highest traffic sample.

532
01:12:50.630 --> 01:12:57.710
In the spillway samples small fraction serbia's were present in all three strata graphics samples, but the large Derby is for completely absent.

533
01:12:58.520 --> 01:13:04.820
Similarly me go spire a smaller and larger larger fractions we're intermittently President and absent from some locations and heights.

534
01:13:05.450 --> 01:13:13.610
and small fraction left or tecmo more present in all locations in depth well large fraction looked at it not more found only in two of the seven samples.

535
01:13:14.210 --> 01:13:19.880
Large strap rallies were prevalent throughout all locations, with their small counterparts only in some samples.

536
01:13:20.750 --> 01:13:29.840
In you from ids and Calabro singular them followed similar patterns throughout most of the samples exhibiting presence of both small and large fractions throughout most of the samples.

537
01:13:32.690 --> 01:13:40.850
Again, we have the same color scheme and samples on the X axis and richness and evenness and relative abundance values are shown on the y axis.

538
01:13:41.600 --> 01:13:46.760
Although there were differences in individual taxonomic relative abundances between various samples.

539
01:13:47.180 --> 01:13:57.320
richness and evenness throughout all the samples are made broadly similar with the total relative abundance of all taxes, showing similar patterns, corresponding to each of the forecaster pod morphology is found within these samples.

540
01:13:59.240 --> 01:14:03.230
So the smaller gastropods do not appear to be immature versions of the larger.

541
01:14:03.590 --> 01:14:10.400
As the ornamentation in boyle number did not differ significantly between the two fractions indicating that the small gastropods are adults.

542
01:14:10.730 --> 01:14:14.630
They appear to be miniature versions of the same taxa represented in the large fractions.

543
01:14:15.470 --> 01:14:21.560
richness and even as between the two fractions both Bradley similar patterns, as did the relative abundance of the four main mythologies.

544
01:14:21.860 --> 01:14:29.720
However, the small fractions plotted separately from the large fractions in ordination space suggesting ecological differences affecting tax on abundances.

545
01:14:30.620 --> 01:14:39.050
So these are likely to similar but distinct communities operating at different scales within the same environment which, in turn, resulted in differing ecological patterns.

546
01:14:39.410 --> 01:14:46.760
The smaller gastropods may have utilized resources differently than larger counterparts each requiring fewer resources to survive compared to the larger ones.

547
01:14:47.150 --> 01:14:55.040
predators may have just preferred larger gastropods over smaller ones in both scenarios could result in higher abundances of smaller gastropods.

548
01:14:55.820 --> 01:15:05.540
On the other hand, conditions during or after preservation may have resulted in more complete Community representation of the smaller factions, then in the larger factions.

549
01:15:05.900 --> 01:15:11.960
And further research could investigate the possible role of tapping on me or differential preservation or damaged during processing.

550
01:15:12.380 --> 01:15:24.950
Overall, based on the higher abundance of smaller specimens present in the same book samples, it may be beneficial to include these smaller individuals, alongside the larger ones in order to gain more complete understanding of the Paleo ecological community.

551
01:15:29.420 --> 01:15:36.470
Tom Tobin: will stop the sharing their, hopefully, thank you very top, we have one of the speaker and one of the presenters with us.

552
01:15:38.000 --> 01:15:38.570
Tom Tobin: cool awesome.

553
01:15:39.830 --> 01:15:43.490
Tom Tobin: Does anyone have any questions for Austin.

554
01:15:47.150 --> 01:15:52.610
John Fronimos: I have a question um so first of all thank you for the talk, I really enjoyed that.

555
01:15:54.080 --> 01:16:11.750
John Fronimos: very interesting subject so you mentioned that the smaller size fraction that you are finding could be recognized as adults, rather than juveniles where they're also juveniles President small fraction or did you find that the Community seemed to only have adult gastropods President.

556
01:16:13.370 --> 01:16:35.660
Austin Lloyd: So overall looking at the ornamentation and the number of worlds and growth patterns in both the small and the larger specimens they were very similar which kind of told us, but they were both more mature versus immature because they had more developed ornamentation on both types so.

557
01:16:39.530 --> 01:16:40.040
John Fronimos: If you.

558
01:16:43.010 --> 01:16:44.120
Tom Tobin: Remember any other questions.

559
01:16:48.320 --> 01:16:51.020
Tom Tobin: asked you go, you know one he go for.

560
01:16:52.430 --> 01:16:55.160
Man Lu: Your vacation on Monday and.

561
01:17:00.500 --> 01:17:03.980
Tom Tobin: You can troll picking up your audio well enough there.

562
01:17:04.760 --> 01:17:07.490
Tom Tobin: Are JEREMY keep chatting your question, maybe.

563
01:17:12.350 --> 01:17:14.660
Tom Tobin: Meanwhile he's chatting that real quick Austin.

564
01:17:15.260 --> 01:17:27.230
Tom Tobin: I don't work with gastropods a ton, but I do work with ammonites and when we work with emanates we see those, like the two sizes, we often think of like maybe sexual dwarfism is that a thing that happens in gastropods and could that be going on here.

565
01:17:28.400 --> 01:17:44.060
Austin Lloyd: um i'm not sure about that that wasn't really something we looked into, we were really focusing on the structure of them and just comparing the two sides variations, but that could that might be something that we're looking at here as well.

566
01:17:50.030 --> 01:17:57.590
Frank Forcino: Top top this is frank here tell that's a good question, it is possibility that we didn't really explore yet, but that absolutely could be the case.

567
01:17:58.370 --> 01:18:06.680
Tom Tobin: I don't know as much know you'd look forward to confirm that but yeah there is a question in the chat which is from.

568
01:18:07.700 --> 01:18:15.200
Tom Tobin: This echoes did you find a lot of fragments in the course fraction broken big shells If so, did you try to correct for that.

569
01:18:17.030 --> 01:18:24.320
Austin Lloyd: So even even looking at the broken shells, there were such a higher number of smaller gastropods.

570
01:18:25.430 --> 01:18:29.900
Austin Lloyd: Size fraction numbers in the one fourth split.

571
01:18:31.370 --> 01:18:44.390
Austin Lloyd: Compared to the 100% large fraction of big bigger shells that we were pretty sure that that wouldn't have been a huge factor in why there's such a different amount in each section.

572
01:18:49.400 --> 01:18:52.010
Tom Tobin: And we have one more question if there is one.

573
01:18:56.480 --> 01:18:59.900
Tom Tobin: cool all right well let's thank our speaker again.

574
01:19:00.230 --> 01:19:01.160
and

575
01:19:02.840 --> 01:19:05.360
Tom Tobin: I think we have another poster coming up next.

576
01:19:07.220 --> 01:19:10.700
Tom Tobin: Do you want me to just to keep rolling with the poster sharing.

577
01:19:11.990 --> 01:19:13.550
Tom Tobin: And this is where we're going to transfer to you, but.

578
01:19:14.330 --> 01:19:20.990
John Fronimos: sure if we've got those queued up that I think would be efficient and while you're doing that i'll quickly mentioned that.

579
01:19:22.550 --> 01:19:30.530
John Fronimos: For those of you who have joined us midway through, although the official title of this session is interactions of environments in life during the paleozoic.

580
01:19:30.860 --> 01:19:45.350
John Fronimos: that's meant to be fantastic, so this first set of talks have been on the paleolithic era and now we're starting to head into some talks on the mesozoic era and later we'll have some centers of excellence for you just thought you know where we're at thematically.

581
01:19:47.030 --> 01:19:52.640
Tom Tobin: And will be progressing gradually through time and getting pretty much to the modern by the end of this afternoon.

582
01:19:53.540 --> 01:19:56.180
Tom Tobin: I think I should be ready to share our screen.

583
01:19:57.950 --> 01:19:59.090
Tom Tobin: And Richard anything.

584
01:20:03.050 --> 01:20:09.230
Tom Tobin: All right, i'll assume it's going to work well for the last few work, but if it doesn't someone yell at me go from there.

585
01:20:11.330 --> 01:20:11.630
alright.

586
01:20:14.540 --> 01:20:21.740
Our new study presented here a colleague and I described the rich array of the Marine reptile fossil from the lake rotations of South Carolina.

587
01:20:22.340 --> 01:20:31.730
Despite fossil prospect in the relevant Ross, notably the donahoe creek formation and TV formation it's quite possible prospect enrollment process since the 19th century.

588
01:20:32.990 --> 01:20:36.590
Only too generic of marine reptile and i've ever been identified.

589
01:20:37.940 --> 01:20:39.680
For NASA dod a title for us.

590
01:20:43.700 --> 01:20:49.760
The lack of specimen probably goes back to the lack of exposures, which is a classic problem in eastern North American paleontology.

591
01:20:52.070 --> 01:21:09.020
In this study we described what may well be awards collection relevant fossils mostly shed teeth in existence, unfortunately, the specimens have sub optimal but not existent locality data not non existent locality data, since they originally were found by private sector.

592
01:21:10.640 --> 01:21:14.990
can't be choosy what's best for this study we rang the data for all the work.

593
01:21:16.010 --> 01:21:17.240
With careful more.

594
01:21:18.290 --> 01:21:18.860
analysis.

595
01:21:20.750 --> 01:21:21.620
So i'll run through the.

596
01:21:23.270 --> 01:21:23.690
breach.

597
01:21:24.800 --> 01:21:28.520
We have labeled here at the diagnostic characteristics of support or identification.

598
01:21:30.350 --> 01:21:31.130
So first up.

599
01:21:32.450 --> 01:21:42.590
We have first evidence of the genius Moses, or the state level specimens like the one picture top and Center probably represent the gigantic super predator.

600
01:21:47.690 --> 01:21:58.790
Which is exciting, we also have a specimen that may well represented Moses North Missouri in the tooth masters very well with what we would expect with you no imagery and says, based on the relevant literature.

601
01:22:00.560 --> 01:22:16.940
But given that most or dental into specific variation and especially rp genetic variation remain fully characterized just in general across the group we opted for a more conservative, but he hits the cf.

602
01:22:18.170 --> 01:22:31.550
similar situation with a to present blaine cook modalities for Python their top left excellent Marina for what we expect the species in terms of morphology but, again, we felt this was the case where occurred in the better part of valor.

603
01:22:33.080 --> 01:22:36.950
Both these, though certainly are either the forms describe from the state before.

604
01:22:39.650 --> 01:22:40.400
allosaurus and.

605
01:22:41.690 --> 01:22:44.600
So they represent new branch and.

606
01:22:47.810 --> 01:22:54.890
We also have first, please, yes or material diagnostic low or low level bottom Center some allows my story.

607
01:22:56.390 --> 01:22:59.870
But they're just take your shape shape region.

608
01:23:01.040 --> 01:23:01.820
And lastly.

609
01:23:03.470 --> 01:23:04.460
Some other Moses doors.

610
01:23:06.980 --> 01:23:10.040
liar dawn and the bottom right why it on.

611
01:23:12.110 --> 01:23:12.380
A.

612
01:23:13.640 --> 01:23:22.040
sort of a camaro features in this festival I kind of arrow feature seen in different species of birds will dance why it on doesn't really match any of them well.

613
01:23:23.510 --> 01:23:26.660
But certainly has characteristics of the cluster of species.

614
01:23:27.680 --> 01:23:31.880
Maybe it's a new species endemic to this region, but only future fun.

615
01:23:35.330 --> 01:23:36.440
And finally, we have.

616
01:23:38.390 --> 01:23:38.930
projects.

617
01:23:40.190 --> 01:23:41.900
That are fairly normal.

618
01:23:42.950 --> 01:23:44.630
For the region.

619
01:23:45.680 --> 01:23:49.820
similar to the ones that have been described for quite they're quite common in this collection.

620
01:23:58.190 --> 01:24:02.090
Tom Tobin: Do we have any of the presenters there are john you want to take over now.

621
01:24:04.310 --> 01:24:04.760
John Fronimos: sure.

622
01:24:05.570 --> 01:24:07.070
John Fronimos: So if we have any of the.

623
01:24:08.780 --> 01:24:12.560
John Fronimos: presenters here we have time for some questions.

624
01:24:24.530 --> 01:24:26.090
Tom Tobin: don't see.

625
01:24:28.070 --> 01:24:29.360
Tom Tobin: either of them here.

626
01:24:32.150 --> 01:24:32.810
Tom Tobin: Different name.

627
01:24:36.440 --> 01:24:37.580
John Fronimos: either, but if you are here.

628
01:24:38.990 --> 01:24:39.890
John Fronimos: Now, raise a hand.

629
01:24:41.600 --> 01:24:45.860
Tom Tobin: And if not, we can take a little five minute break and resume and.

630
01:24:48.860 --> 01:24:50.540
Tom Tobin: double check the timings right it.

631
01:24:50.600 --> 01:24:52.760
John Fronimos: should be 3pm for the next one cool.

632
01:24:53.210 --> 01:24:54.050
Tom Tobin: But to you yeah.

633
01:24:56.780 --> 01:25:00.770
Tom Tobin: cool so we'll take a little five minute break then resume at 3pm for the next.

634
01:29:52.100 --> 01:25:03.000
John Fronimos: hi everyone it's 3pm so we'll go ahead and move on with our session so first of all thank you for all of you who've been with us so far I hope you're.

635
01:25:03.001 --> 01:25:12.120
John Fronimos: hi everyone it's 3pm so we'll go ahead and move on with our session so first of all thank you for all of you who've been with us so far I hope you're.

636
01:25:13.080 --> 01:25:27.480
John Fronimos: Getting a lot out of the schedule of talks that we've had so my name is john farnham most i'm going to be introducing the next few few of the talks and the first one that i'll be bringing in here is talking my own.

637
01:25:28.590 --> 01:25:31.080
John Fronimos: So let's go ahead and get started with that.

638
01:25:32.610 --> 01:25:34.290
John Fronimos: So hopefully you can all now see.

639
01:25:35.520 --> 01:25:38.580
John Fronimos: see my slides Okay, please let me know if there's any issues seeing most.

640
01:25:39.210 --> 01:25:56.760
John Fronimos: So this talk will be by myself and Daniel the part, we will be talking about airspace proportions in the pneumatic Axial and APP and peculiar skeleton of a titanosaur sauropod from the upper cretaceous of texts or shorter terms i'm going to be talking to you about some airfield dinosaurs.

641
01:25:59.610 --> 01:26:06.840
John Fronimos: So, before I get into that I want to quickly acknowledge a few of my colleagues, including those at Texas tech who are involved in the collection of this material.

642
01:26:07.320 --> 01:26:15.660
John Fronimos: Some colleagues at auburn university who provided some advice on the quantitative methods and some former students of mine at vassar college who contributed to the data collection.

643
01:26:18.210 --> 01:26:28.680
John Fronimos: So i'm interested in the sauropod dinosaurs, as a group, for a variety of reasons, but especially because they include some of the include the largest land animals of all time among their number.

644
01:26:29.160 --> 01:26:37.620
John Fronimos: So if we're interested in biomechanics and the way that the vertebrate skeleton deals with extreme stresses there's a few better groups or equal groups to look at.

645
01:26:38.220 --> 01:26:45.870
John Fronimos: So if we want to understand how these animals are able to hold up so much body mass, we need to look for a special traits that might help them with this.

646
01:26:47.520 --> 01:27:00.990
John Fronimos: One feature that's often been recognized as contributing to to dealing with this body mass issue is the fact that sauropod dinosaurs typically have parts of their skeleton that are filled with large aerospace This is known as pneumatic.

647
01:27:02.430 --> 01:27:10.500
John Fronimos: These pneumatic chambers are connected to extensions of the lung tissue and you commonly see this within vertebrae.

648
01:27:11.190 --> 01:27:24.870
John Fronimos: Particularly the neck and the DORSAL region or torso but also sometimes the tail and it can extend into the ribs the upper pelvic elements, particularly the alien and on rare occasions into the pectoral girdle as well.

649
01:27:27.090 --> 01:27:30.900
John Fronimos: And so, if we can understand this new entity that we can potentially.

650
01:27:31.980 --> 01:27:44.610
John Fronimos: recognize how much weight is being saved by the presence of these hollow spaces within otherwise solid bones and potentially consider other functional amplification implications of where you see the airspace and how much.

651
01:27:47.700 --> 01:27:53.370
John Fronimos: So, in order to better understand this, we need to quantify urbanization the amount of air within each bone.

652
01:27:54.300 --> 01:28:00.300
John Fronimos: That wasn't came up with a metric for this known as the airspace proportion, which is essentially on the.

653
01:28:01.260 --> 01:28:12.840
John Fronimos: internal air volume of the bone divided by the total volume occupied by the bone, including the airspace, and so this gives us a decimal value that can be thought of is comparable to percentages.

654
01:28:14.070 --> 01:28:25.110
John Fronimos: The big challenge when it comes to working with the airspace proportion in this way is that it's very difficult to measure these volumes, especially when the air spaces are fully per mineralized are filled in with sediment.

655
01:28:26.280 --> 01:28:36.180
John Fronimos: And so it's much more common to use airspace portion from cross sectional areas, either by cutting the bones or X rays CT scanning them or looking at natural breaks.

656
01:28:36.390 --> 01:28:43.260
John Fronimos: We can do this in two dimensions, using the Cross sectional area of airspace relative to the total cross sectional area of the bone.

657
01:28:45.870 --> 01:28:52.050
John Fronimos: Previous studies have have looked at this across a range of sauropod taxa including.

658
01:28:53.640 --> 01:28:55.800
John Fronimos: bazell titanosaur forums and titanosaur.

659
01:28:56.550 --> 01:29:08.160
John Fronimos: And this is shown a range of values, but we see the greatest range of values within individual body regions and usually within a single bone from one part of the bone to another that we have sections.

660
01:29:08.430 --> 01:29:16.830
John Fronimos: So you can see, particularly large ranges in the cervical region, the neck a more limited ranges in the DORSAL region or the torso between shoulders and hips.

661
01:29:17.220 --> 01:29:24.750
John Fronimos: And then we have limited data for the tail the lamb and the ribs but that's in part because those are regions that are not new monetized and all groups.

662
01:29:25.710 --> 01:29:30.930
John Fronimos: For the DORSAL vertebrae we do have some data deficiencies there we don't have as many samples.

663
01:29:31.650 --> 01:29:42.690
John Fronimos: I can say across the board, the number of individual skeletons that have been analyzed in this way is limited so we're dealing with smaller sample sizes, then we'd really like and that limits, some of the questions we can currently answer.

664
01:29:44.850 --> 01:29:49.020
John Fronimos: One of the questions that interests me the most is the evolution of airspace proportion.

665
01:29:49.650 --> 01:30:00.090
John Fronimos: So the taxi you see marked in red and marked with be at the bottom have these airspaces that consists of a small number of large Chamber is called gamma Ray as in camera source.

666
01:30:00.810 --> 01:30:08.970
John Fronimos: While those marked in blue the titanosaur of forms, including titanosaur is have a large number of individually small chambers called MLA.

667
01:30:09.900 --> 01:30:17.310
John Fronimos: And so there seems to be a transition from camera to compel a new material it with the rise of the titanosaur forums that become dominant.

668
01:30:17.910 --> 01:30:23.190
John Fronimos: Towards the end of the cretaceous period, and so I would love to know what the functional implications of that are.

669
01:30:23.610 --> 01:30:36.510
John Fronimos: um but unfortunately we don't currently have enough data to say if there's a significant difference in the aerospace proportion between Cameron and calculate bones, we might predict, for example, MLA might have more.

670
01:30:37.890 --> 01:30:47.010
John Fronimos: bony structure tribeca around them that decrease the airspace proportion in exchange for some other benefit, but we can't currently say that, based on previously published data.

671
01:30:48.570 --> 01:30:52.530
John Fronimos: So the objective of this study is really to expand upon our overall sampling.

672
01:30:53.250 --> 01:31:02.040
John Fronimos: With a focus in this case on the Titanic souls trying to add to the single measurement we have of titanosaur aerospace proportion in the DORSAL region.

673
01:31:02.370 --> 01:31:08.820
John Fronimos: As well as to expand to include the alien which has not been sampled before and the ribs which have not been sampled before.

674
01:31:09.150 --> 01:31:16.170
John Fronimos: Although I won't be presenting any rib results today, those are still pending, but will have results for DORSAL vertebrae and for the helium.

675
01:31:16.470 --> 01:31:24.930
John Fronimos: So hopefully this will enable us to make better comparisons and get a better understanding of how airspace proportion varies between taxa and why that might be.

676
01:31:27.480 --> 01:31:33.840
John Fronimos: So the study of the specimen i'm going to describe today is one that Tom Lehman and myself, published on in 2014.

677
01:31:35.010 --> 01:31:41.610
John Fronimos: it's looks like it could be allosaurus San Juan, and says, but it's not quite it doesn't quite have enough diagnostic features, to be sure.

678
01:31:42.660 --> 01:31:52.950
John Fronimos: That the bones marked in blue represents one semblance that we're confident is a single individual we have comparable size elements we have paired left and right elements and nothing redundant.

679
01:31:53.430 --> 01:32:04.260
John Fronimos: So for the blue material i'm confident and treating it as one individual and we have DORSAL vertebrae we have the alien and the ribs which aren't marked in here, so we can expand our sampling for those critical areas.

680
01:32:06.150 --> 01:32:07.650
John Fronimos: The methods we've used here.

681
01:32:08.430 --> 01:32:11.280
John Fronimos: require us to work with cross sectional areas.

682
01:32:11.550 --> 01:32:24.750
John Fronimos: And in this case we've sampled the material using natural breaks so while preparing the specimen we saw that many of these natural brakes were relatively clean and enabled us to look closely and identify the bone in the aerospace proportion.

683
01:32:25.500 --> 01:32:32.790
John Fronimos: So this is a cheap and efficient method, but it does have some drawbacks compared to either cutting the bones or using X rays CT scanning.

684
01:32:33.120 --> 01:32:39.030
John Fronimos: Particularly being that we cannot control the location of the brakes, although we can be choosy among the brakes that we have.

685
01:32:39.720 --> 01:32:51.180
John Fronimos: And also, we can't control to make sure that all the brakes are a flat plane, so we have a risk if we're not careful, of picking some breaks that might curve into a third dimension and create some perspective distortion.

686
01:32:51.390 --> 01:33:03.600
John Fronimos: So we have to be picky to exclude parts of the breaks that are sticking into a third dimension, so it does limit some of the sampling we do, but we still have a lot of good breaks, we can look at.

687
01:33:05.670 --> 01:33:17.700
John Fronimos: And finally there's also an issue that occurs, regardless of your method of getting the Cross sectional area, which is that sometimes the outer layer of bones falls away and that can lead to a.

688
01:33:18.630 --> 01:33:25.320
John Fronimos: artificially inflated airspace proportion and i'll try to address that when it when it appears i'll try to mention that that might be an issue.

689
01:33:27.030 --> 01:33:37.170
John Fronimos: So our methods were to take photographs of these natural breaks and then digitize them color coding bone in one color and aerospace in another, as you can see here in this neural spine.

690
01:33:38.430 --> 01:33:45.660
John Fronimos: And so, in a perfect world we'd be able to automate this and we would have clear differences in the color of the bone versus the matrix that's filled them in.

691
01:33:45.990 --> 01:33:58.560
John Fronimos: This is not a perfect world, and so you can see all sorts of color data here, and so we had to manually digitize these differences, fortunately, you can tell the difference quite clearly when you're up close with that, based on texture.

692
01:33:59.640 --> 01:34:08.640
John Fronimos: But this required us to take the photographs and then digitize them while looking at the actual bone in front of us to make sure we didn't mistakenly mislabeled anything.

693
01:34:09.090 --> 01:34:18.630
John Fronimos: But with that we were able to digitize bone and aerospace put them into these two tone images and then take them into image editing software to calculate the percentage of airspace.

694
01:34:19.950 --> 01:34:26.370
John Fronimos: And a lot of people use image J for this, but we used our GIs because, being a geo science department, we have a lot of.

695
01:34:26.700 --> 01:34:37.710
John Fronimos: Students and faculty here are very well versed in our GIs and so it's good at these um classification issues to turn these two color coded and basically pixel accounts into an aerospace proportion.

696
01:34:39.780 --> 01:34:44.670
John Fronimos: And so i'm going to show you some of the results for a few major body regions and then we'll discuss what they might mean.

697
01:34:46.560 --> 01:34:58.620
John Fronimos: So here, you can see an anterior DORSAL vertebra This is one from close to the shoulders, where we have three sections Nero spine transverse process and the posterior rim of the centrum we have a lengthwise.

698
01:34:59.220 --> 01:35:10.110
John Fronimos: section in the works as well, and so you can see, the highest value here is point seven seven that's 77% air and just 23% bone which is considerable it's not record setting but it's fairly high.

699
01:35:11.220 --> 01:35:17.760
John Fronimos: The other values are lower closer 2.6 you can see the rim of the centering here with some of these closely spaced chambers.

700
01:35:19.860 --> 01:35:23.640
John Fronimos: Now let's compare that as we move backward through the vertebral column towards the hips.

701
01:35:25.020 --> 01:35:34.710
John Fronimos: here's a similar vertebra from close to the hips we see the neural spine pictured it right has a airspace proportion of point seven which is equal to 70% air.

702
01:35:35.460 --> 01:35:42.510
John Fronimos: But values are as low as almost 50% in the the rim of the post area margin of the central me here.

703
01:35:43.110 --> 01:35:53.640
John Fronimos: So there's similar values, but we do see somewhat higher values in the anterior DORSAL vertebra currently we don't have enough systematic data across tax to see if that's a common pattern, or if that's.

704
01:35:54.930 --> 01:36:04.500
John Fronimos: You know within normal variation whether that means something functionally significant about the two regions, we can get a feel for the range of values, we see in different parts of the DORSAL vertebra.

705
01:36:07.470 --> 01:36:17.850
John Fronimos: The results i'm most excited about our from the alien because no one has to the best of my knowledge, published airspace proportion values for a sauropod alien before, this is the upper most hit bone.

706
01:36:18.510 --> 01:36:25.800
John Fronimos: And so let's take this section here through the base of the illiac blade that gives us a pretty high aerospace proportion of point seven six.

707
01:36:26.850 --> 01:36:33.750
John Fronimos: here's what that looks like there is some potential for this being enhanced by some of the loss of cortical bone so it could be a little bit lower than that.

708
01:36:36.810 --> 01:36:52.380
John Fronimos: We also look looked at a mark part of the medial surface that you can't see here and got a value of point seven four and we have some others in the works through the rest of the blade so we seem to be getting values initially over Point seven.

709
01:36:53.880 --> 01:37:01.230
John Fronimos: But now let's take a look closer to the asset tabular surface of the base here, which is the the joint surface for the hip socket.

710
01:37:02.400 --> 01:37:12.780
John Fronimos: me see through the issue pinnacle a value of just point four two and through the pubic key dunkle a value of absolutely zero there are no air chambers there it's fully a pneumatic.

711
01:37:13.800 --> 01:37:23.310
John Fronimos: And so, this shows us that when we start to sample across the whole element, and we are attentive to that we can see variation from very high to very low values.

712
01:37:24.150 --> 01:37:32.040
John Fronimos: We can even map out the extent of new materiality within the bone showing a couple of major regions around the joint surface and the.

713
01:37:32.610 --> 01:37:42.570
John Fronimos: Pre assa tabular process, which is a major muscle insertion area that do not seem to be new metal is this may be, for reasons of strength, where there are much greater stresses being applied.

714
01:37:43.470 --> 01:37:55.500
John Fronimos: And so the big lesson for me here is that there's a region in this phone that is new monetized with seemingly comparable amounts of airspace to what we see in the vertebral column, but there are also these regions that are not new monetized.

715
01:37:57.960 --> 01:38:03.630
John Fronimos: So let's take those results and feed them back into what we've seen from previous studies.

716
01:38:04.140 --> 01:38:19.620
John Fronimos: So we've expanded our sampling of titanosaur DORSAL vertebrae where previously, we had one measurement of just point five, five now we've seen a greater range so that was not entirely representative, and now it seems to overlap pretty well with what we previously seen with camera source.

717
01:38:20.940 --> 01:38:29.430
John Fronimos: we've also added the data for the helium which includes comparable values to the vertebrae but also some a pneumatic regions and then, as I said, the written values are pending.

718
01:38:30.930 --> 01:38:44.850
John Fronimos: So we're still adding to what I hope will someday be a very large data set to give more statistically significant conclusions, but right now, what I can say for the DORSAL vertebrae is they don't appear to be dramatically different from what we see in.

719
01:38:47.040 --> 01:38:49.470
John Fronimos: Despite the fact that those tax I have these.

720
01:38:50.700 --> 01:38:57.300
John Fronimos: Fewer but larger chambers, the camera and the titanosaur is have a larger number of small chambers, the MLA.

721
01:38:58.320 --> 01:39:10.260
John Fronimos: If there's a significant difference between them and airspace proportion, we might think that that was somehow an evolutionary driver to either increase the airspace proportion or get some other functional benefit that would come.

722
01:39:11.370 --> 01:39:11.670
John Fronimos: That would.

723
01:39:13.020 --> 01:39:22.650
John Fronimos: be worth more to the organism, then the weight reduction from the aerospace but we don't see any systematic pattern here, and this is something that matt well previously proposed.

724
01:39:23.700 --> 01:39:35.220
John Fronimos: Was that Cameron and Camilla new Mississippi despite their obvious differences might be seeming to work out to similar airspace proportions in the living animal, at least in a given region of the body.

725
01:39:36.000 --> 01:39:49.500
John Fronimos: I definitely think we need a larger sample size to establish that clearly, but what we see so far, you know I might have hoped to go into this and see some some great differentiation of the two that would make it obvious there was some functional difference and we don't really see that.

726
01:39:52.590 --> 01:40:04.620
John Fronimos: So to summarize what we've taken away so far we've expanded our sampling of measured airspace proportions in titanosaur is to include more DORSAL vertebrae and the first results for the helium with ribs pending.

727
01:40:05.220 --> 01:40:11.700
John Fronimos: To give us a better sense for weight reduction and the function of this pneumatic chambers in these animals.

728
01:40:12.660 --> 01:40:21.450
John Fronimos: The results are at least, broadly speaking, comparable across sauropod plaids despite variations from La to camera internal structures.

729
01:40:21.900 --> 01:40:32.520
John Fronimos: there's not enough data here to be statistically confident in that, but within the spread of data so far there's substantial overlap to where we can't you know start to say that there's an obvious difference.

730
01:40:33.270 --> 01:40:39.450
John Fronimos: And if it turns out to be true that calculate and Cameron new materiality provide similar aerospace proportions.

731
01:40:39.750 --> 01:40:50.700
John Fronimos: than the evolution from one to the other would seem to be neutral with respect to aerospace proportion and body mass and we would have to look for some other functional explanation for what drove that change.

732
01:40:51.300 --> 01:41:03.840
John Fronimos: So those are the big takeaways that I see here and in the future we really look forward to expanding to bigger and bigger sample sizes, especially for things like the alien where this is the first of its kind, and I look forward to seeing the patterns that emerged from that.

733
01:41:04.860 --> 01:41:16.650
John Fronimos: So i'd like to thank you all for your time and attention and i'm happy to take any questions, it looks like there's about three to four minutes remaining where I can take those questions.

734
01:41:24.030 --> 01:41:26.220
Tom Tobin: There is a question in chat john.

735
01:41:28.260 --> 01:41:33.990
Tom Tobin: When Lou says good talk, did you see any patterns of the new mentality morphology and body size.

736
01:41:34.800 --> 01:41:43.740
John Fronimos: that's an excellent question is one of the biggest things, we might ask is, do we see a greater aerospace proportion in larger bodied animals as as sort of something compensatory for.

737
01:41:44.040 --> 01:41:51.420
John Fronimos: compensating for that body mass and currently unfortunately we don't have a large enough sample size to plot this against body mass.

738
01:41:51.840 --> 01:41:59.550
John Fronimos: But that's something that I definitely want to reach a point of doing long term is to sample enough if we see a clear trend that you know, the largest.

739
01:42:00.180 --> 01:42:13.710
John Fronimos: bodied sauropods have a very high aerospace proportion that would lend some support to you know body mass as a driver of these these counter balancing features so that's a long term goal, but not something that we have data on yet.

740
01:42:16.980 --> 01:42:29.130
Rindsberg, Andrew: i'm forgive me if I miss something obvious like I came back a couple of minutes late from the break how far back does new materiality extend in the fossil record.

741
01:42:30.210 --> 01:42:46.440
John Fronimos: that's an excellent question, so I didn't talk about the evolution of it before outside of sauropods but we see new entity evolve several times among archosaurs and i'm talking purely about post cranium limited city, because many other organisms have sinuses and things like that stone.

742
01:42:47.790 --> 01:43:00.960
John Fronimos: But post colonial new entity in archosaurs independently seems to evolve in pterosaurs in theropods where it's shared by birds today and in sauropods so.

743
01:43:01.950 --> 01:43:11.220
John Fronimos: It seems to be to the best of my knowledge, I don't have a pre triassic example of post cranium limited city, although if someone's aware of one i'd be very happy to know about it.

744
01:43:12.120 --> 01:43:17.280
Rindsberg, Andrew: But not in any of the pre mammal or pre mammal lineages.

745
01:43:18.180 --> 01:43:25.050
John Fronimos: So we don't see any post cranium luminosity in mammals outside of some married maybe very hard cases like perhaps some.

746
01:43:26.130 --> 01:43:29.700
John Fronimos: You know, some throat chambers and certain primates or something like that, but.

747
01:43:31.290 --> 01:43:42.720
John Fronimos: It seems to be something that coincides and archosaurs with a very complex long morphology with a they basically have lungs that have these additional air chambers that come off that vent.

748
01:43:44.010 --> 01:43:52.710
John Fronimos: that's what i'm looking for ventilate the lungs and they seem to expand and other regions of the body and nothing like that is known in mammals, so there is some possibility that.

749
01:43:53.130 --> 01:43:58.740
John Fronimos: Body size limitations in mammals compared to sauropods might be in part due to differences in the respiratory system.

750
01:43:59.970 --> 01:44:01.350
Rindsberg, Andrew: Well, thank you.

751
01:44:02.340 --> 01:44:02.700
John Fronimos: Thank you.

752
01:44:04.020 --> 01:44:15.000
John Fronimos: I have, if I have time, I have one more question in the chat from rowan lockwood about other possible functions for new entity, please cut me off if I if I am go long on that, but.

753
01:44:15.660 --> 01:44:24.600
John Fronimos: Other possible functions for new entity that's an interesting question when i've thought about and I haven't come up with something other than specifically weight reduction.

754
01:44:26.430 --> 01:44:36.780
John Fronimos: I don't expect that those extensions of the lung tissue into the the post cranial skeleton are actually involved in gas exchange that's only an intuition I haven't actually seen testing of that.

755
01:44:37.560 --> 01:44:51.600
John Fronimos: that's just based on the unlikelihood of being able to force air through all of these um these small passages, and the fact that I don't think the air sacs beyond the lungs themselves and birds or respiratory are involved in gas exchange.

756
01:44:52.590 --> 01:44:57.480
Tom Tobin: Think we're basically out of time, so if you could you could switch over to.

757
01:44:58.800 --> 01:45:02.280
Tom Tobin: That David tremors up next if you're ready to share your screen.

758
01:45:04.830 --> 01:45:06.090
Thank you all for your presence.

759
01:45:07.740 --> 01:45:09.030
David Schwimmer: me get to the.

760
01:45:12.330 --> 01:45:12.660
David Schwimmer: The work.

761
01:45:13.860 --> 01:45:25.260
David Schwimmer: So, assuming everything works i'm going to talk about some current updates on the dinosaur record in the southeast and start with, let me define the term.

762
01:45:25.980 --> 01:45:33.780
David Schwimmer: southeast province in this concept for the lake cretaceous includes everything from Missouri up through North Carolina.

763
01:45:34.230 --> 01:45:47.580
David Schwimmer: There is a distinct northeastern province that's been pretty much centralized in Delaware New Jersey and Maryland but nothing really much in the lake cretaceous in Virginia, so we have a natural boundary there.

764
01:45:49.590 --> 01:45:55.380
David Schwimmer: what's really interesting is that we've vastly increased our knowledge of dinosaurs in the southeast and the past 30 years.

765
01:45:55.890 --> 01:46:06.600
David Schwimmer: I pick 30 years because essentially there's about three decades of new material to report prior to 1990 this was the published systematic dinosaur record.

766
01:46:07.170 --> 01:46:11.610
David Schwimmer: And i'm only discussing formal systematics here not just anecdotal reports.

767
01:46:12.600 --> 01:46:31.350
David Schwimmer: And pretty much you'll see that, to my knowledge, everything before 1990 was essentially from Western Alabama and the so called Selma jock a single hadrosaur road hadrosaur more of lower limb from Mississippi in the San Antonio and actually information and.

768
01:46:33.210 --> 01:46:47.730
David Schwimmer: material from North Carolina entirely from previous landing reported by halsey Miller and then updated by Baird and horner and 79, this is the, to my knowledge, when I arrived in the south, the pre 1990 data.

769
01:46:48.810 --> 01:46:58.950
David Schwimmer: The only skull we had of any kind, any cranium material was the type of the fourth one which is not in great shape, but it was a definite hadrosaur morph.

770
01:47:00.090 --> 01:47:08.310
David Schwimmer: At the time, referred to as a header sorted by one langston and, by the way, there is currently an updated.

771
01:47:09.030 --> 01:47:15.390
David Schwimmer: Publication by Terry gates and James lamb on another specimen and look for a thon I.

772
01:47:15.840 --> 01:47:30.120
David Schwimmer: I just asked Terry about this yesterday it hasn't yet been impressed but there's going to be a revision of a fourth on also making an older than the original publication date it's apparently the type is actually San Antonio not campaign.

773
01:47:31.290 --> 01:47:41.370
David Schwimmer: This is the current status of our dinosaur knowledge in the southeast and, in addition to a number of tax or which i'm going to go through the also increase the range.

774
01:47:41.940 --> 01:47:51.420
David Schwimmer: The geographic range, as well as the our knowledge will get to the specifics i'm going to go through each of these very quickly, of the updated publications.

775
01:47:53.250 --> 01:48:00.720
David Schwimmer: And another way of looking at this, we also now have fossils from Georgia dinosaurs from Georgia Tennessee.

776
01:48:01.560 --> 01:48:14.040
David Schwimmer: up a phone from South Carolina which i'll be talking about and we've also probably most interesting these exes are Mr mission dinosaurs, which had not been reported until fairly recently.

777
01:48:14.760 --> 01:48:21.750
David Schwimmer: Actually i'll be honest, one of them isn't reported, because one of my specimens but it hasn't been published, yet so i'm i'm fudging a little bit.

778
01:48:22.170 --> 01:48:34.440
David Schwimmer: But we also have new San Antonio material and a fair amount of new campaigning material so basically we have dinosaur foreigners in southeast all the way from the San Antonio through the very end of the discussion.

779
01:48:36.120 --> 01:48:43.890
David Schwimmer: So chronologically here's some of the new updates and if you even need specific publications, I can provide data or.

780
01:48:45.150 --> 01:48:46.830
David Schwimmer: pdfs if anyone's interested.

781
01:48:48.000 --> 01:49:00.930
David Schwimmer: First reports of dinosaurs from Tennessee was publication by john Ryan at all in 1991 and it's basically pretty worn parts of a large hadrosaur more.

782
01:49:02.550 --> 01:49:07.890
David Schwimmer: From the coon creek formation, which would be at the time, probably campaign Ian, although the dealings little rough.

783
01:49:09.420 --> 01:49:20.130
David Schwimmer: In 93 I and others published the first phone from Georgia and East Alabama with both tyrannosaur road and hadrosaur material.

784
01:49:21.540 --> 01:49:31.860
David Schwimmer: At the time I tend to be for this to the fourth on the Alabama mature specimen and I tentatively referred this to Alberta source.

785
01:49:32.250 --> 01:49:48.210
David Schwimmer: This subsequently i'm pretty sure is actually appalachia source which we'll get to in a moment, interesting bone, by the way, this is the fourth metatarsal of this hadrosaur these bones, are all in association, the fourth metatarsal is a little tiny splint leftover bone.

786
01:49:49.620 --> 01:49:52.560
David Schwimmer: Basically vestigial bone is very rarely seen.

787
01:49:55.020 --> 01:49:55.440
David Schwimmer: In.

788
01:49:58.560 --> 01:50:06.600
David Schwimmer: K Karen and I described the first dromey a sore, which is a tiny little tooth know the size of this thing it's about four millimeters long.

789
01:50:07.830 --> 01:50:18.750
David Schwimmer: it's a very small jamia sore but it the teeth are identical to the teeth of this guy from the learn mode side of the continent, which is sort of less these lengths tonight.

790
01:50:20.010 --> 01:50:27.570
David Schwimmer: This comes from the mortal formation and it's probably early campaigning little hard to date this tooth it was it was basically in float.

791
01:50:29.490 --> 01:50:45.330
David Schwimmer: Probably the most notable dinosaur we've have in the southeast now was the 2005 description of appalachia source by Tom Williamson Tom car myself and the white portion of this is the actual bones that had been found.

792
01:50:46.440 --> 01:50:52.500
David Schwimmer: At that in the in the type specimen we have additional referred specimens, including from Western Georgia.

793
01:50:53.250 --> 01:51:13.320
David Schwimmer: But this was the first theropod with a skull that's been known from the southeast not complete, but good enough to recognize it as being a basal tyrannosaur ride it's got some ornamentation on the measles, and a few other details which suggests fairly basal in the Toronto sort of clade.

794
01:51:14.970 --> 01:51:26.910
David Schwimmer: There is a minor controversy about the forearms I have to say a little bit Florida when I saw the reconstruction with the gigantic forearms and three fingers, because this would be the more plausible.

795
01:51:27.660 --> 01:51:45.180
David Schwimmer: Reconstruction, given that we had actually know for limb material in the type specimen but apparently was based on this specimen which was assumed to be the humorous, but I think I can argue that that's not really a humorous failsafe just very briefly, partly because this.

796
01:51:46.230 --> 01:51:49.290
David Schwimmer: This flange was supposed to be the death delta pectoral CREST.

797
01:51:51.390 --> 01:52:02.850
David Schwimmer: And if you took this reconstruction with the delta pectoral CREST in that position that would pull the arm straight into the shoulder from outside the body cavity which is not very plausible.

798
01:52:04.050 --> 01:52:11.550
David Schwimmer: Rather than being being a lateral excursion, which is the normal way the delta pectoral CREST works, if you look at every of theropod.

799
01:52:12.570 --> 01:52:26.760
David Schwimmer: The delta pectoral CREST and the month breaky Alice with will the the femoral COR COR COR COR Rico ideas basically pulls it into a rotation, not a lateral excursion.

800
01:52:28.410 --> 01:52:32.670
David Schwimmer: If you look at the reconstruction with the short arms that makes a whole lot more sense.

801
01:52:33.990 --> 01:52:39.660
David Schwimmer: And if you look at this bone and you look at this bone you'll notice they're almost a perfect mirror image.

802
01:52:41.160 --> 01:52:46.320
David Schwimmer: And that bone happens to be a pubic bone from source as as a model so i'm.

803
01:52:46.890 --> 01:52:57.660
David Schwimmer: pretty sure that's a pubis however it may not be from the same individual that's another interesting story, because it is larger than the other pubic bone in the reconstruction, so there is still a little bit of a mystery here.

804
01:52:59.550 --> 01:53:02.100
David Schwimmer: Moving on, in time, because time is limited.

805
01:53:03.810 --> 01:53:03.990
David Schwimmer: In.

806
01:53:05.130 --> 01:53:16.140
David Schwimmer: l Sanders and I and number of people published a monograph in the American philosophical society transaction on cretaceous reptiles and vertebrates from South Carolina and including.

807
01:53:16.620 --> 01:53:25.350
David Schwimmer: Some good ortho items for material a femur and bunch of uncles and a few vertebrae and a bunch of small theropod teeth.

808
01:53:26.340 --> 01:53:41.940
David Schwimmer: And that particular set of teeth looks very much like the sauna felicities from the from Western Alabama and i'm pretty sure we're looking at a population of little bitty dromey sores in the southeast that are finally getting recognized.

809
01:53:44.580 --> 01:54:00.120
David Schwimmer: In 2016 page markets that all ever erickson and ebersole reported a very nice skull of a basal hadrosaur more if they refer to it as to track done Orientalist they it's from the mortal.

810
01:54:01.230 --> 01:54:11.820
David Schwimmer: it's from the San Antonio and portion of the mortgage information, and when I first thought I thought wow that's a wonderful specimen i'm just showing the skull is lots of good post cranium is do.

811
01:54:12.330 --> 01:54:21.450
David Schwimmer: I was a little curious about the relationship between Eo track it on and the fourth on looking at the skulls simply because.

812
01:54:21.870 --> 01:54:29.370
David Schwimmer: Part of the diagnosis is the nasal CREST and I noticed that the nasal CREST on their type specimen is a bladed right there.

813
01:54:30.150 --> 01:54:35.340
David Schwimmer: So I am a little curious about just what it would look like compared to that, but i've been assured.

814
01:54:35.820 --> 01:54:45.420
David Schwimmer: by several people who are more knowledgeable of hadrosaurs than me that they really are different, so will you know will assume there are two basal hadrosaurs.

815
01:54:45.930 --> 01:54:53.940
David Schwimmer: In the southeast One of the interesting questions is going to be, why are all these basal dinosaurs in the southeast are they a relative.

816
01:54:54.720 --> 01:55:00.360
David Schwimmer: or a pioneering fauna, and that is an interesting question we're going to resolve in the future that still is not resolved.

817
01:55:00.840 --> 01:55:10.800
David Schwimmer: or basically and i'll get to this later just how did the dinosaurs get here, did they reject some of these originate here or did they migrate from Asia before the interior see opened.

818
01:55:12.810 --> 01:55:17.100
David Schwimmer: By the way, here's a mandible from Tennessee that's not been published from that.

819
01:55:18.150 --> 01:55:21.570
David Schwimmer: john Brian shared with me now sorry my bad.

820
01:55:23.250 --> 01:55:32.400
David Schwimmer: That it wasn't john's it was Tom give him my gibson's specimen and it's from the concrete formation he's believed working on this, it looks very much.

821
01:55:33.030 --> 01:55:41.490
David Schwimmer: Like the mandible and to track down specimen so we may have a wider distribution of your track done up into the concrete Tennessee.

822
01:55:42.360 --> 01:55:50.940
David Schwimmer: Finally, the last interesting update refers to Sarah tops ian's the presence or absence of Sarah thompson's.

823
01:55:51.570 --> 01:56:04.800
David Schwimmer: In the southeast is a really interesting question because Sarah thompson's generically a lot directly as a large clade appear in the lake cretaceous around the campaign in.

824
01:56:05.400 --> 01:56:13.950
David Schwimmer: In the Western side, North America and during that time we were cut off from learn mode side of the continent by the interior seat.

825
01:56:14.460 --> 01:56:24.300
David Schwimmer: So we would not expect sort of topsy ins to be in the eastern southeastern United States unless they either came in from Europe or originated in the southeast and yet.

826
01:56:25.890 --> 01:56:41.280
David Schwimmer: Nick long rich reported a leptospirosis topsy and Joe fragment of Max Larry fragment which he found in the LP buddy collection he and I exchanged him data about this before he published it.

827
01:56:44.100 --> 01:57:00.240
David Schwimmer: He is he claims that it's a Sarah topsy and fragment because there is this interesting angle in this doll fragment which corresponds to the same angle in the MAC silla of leftists are tops i'm.

828
01:57:03.420 --> 01:57:11.100
David Schwimmer: i'm pretty skeptical, to be perfectly honest, on that because two reasons, one is here's a crocodilians jaw fragment in my collections from Dinesh Lucas.

829
01:57:11.520 --> 01:57:25.440
David Schwimmer: Where it's been twisted literally at right angles in tough tough economic Lee and i'm pretty aware that croc jaws especially are subject to fletcher during preserved preservation because they're just basically long and thin.

830
01:57:25.980 --> 01:57:45.180
David Schwimmer: So when you break off the link leave the wall of a crocodilians joy you're going to probably bend it somehow Secondly, I noticed if I look at the alveoli on the Sarah Thompson specimen or long riches legend so topsy and it doesn't look like the.

831
01:57:46.860 --> 01:58:05.580
David Schwimmer: alveoli you typically find in order efficient material, this is a address or Max Larry fragment but they the tooth sockets tend to be long ridges and rather vertical as opposed to crocodilians alveoli so bottom line is i'm not really sure that's not a crocodilians fragment.

832
01:58:06.780 --> 01:58:13.020
David Schwimmer: So i'm not convinced that we have evidence of certain options based on this, however.

833
01:58:14.550 --> 01:58:16.380
David Schwimmer: In 2017.

834
01:58:18.570 --> 01:58:33.900
David Schwimmer: We have the population of this specimen from the owl creek formation, which is latest administration, and this is definitely a neo Sarah topsy in truth that's it's unmistakable the the fourth group and the ground structure is on the stable and.

835
01:58:35.550 --> 01:58:37.830
David Schwimmer: George Phillips was nice enough to share this with me.

836
01:58:39.300 --> 01:58:54.360
David Schwimmer: This chart from their their publication, which shows very plausibly that by the end of the menstruation we actually did have a land bridge between laryngitis and appalachia so invasion of Sir topsy ins is much more plausible at the very end.

837
01:58:54.810 --> 01:59:01.110
David Schwimmer: Of the cretaceous than earlier in the period and since we can run out of time quickly, let me just summarize.

838
01:59:02.280 --> 01:59:08.760
David Schwimmer: We have a lot of fossils that have not been published here's a large beetle failings from San Antonio and Mississippi.

839
01:59:09.450 --> 01:59:14.370
David Schwimmer: A whole raft of theropod teeth and amateur collections from North Carolina.

840
01:59:15.270 --> 01:59:25.170
David Schwimmer: This is a hadrosaur tibia that i've worked on for a while, from the ripley formation in Georgia, which unfortunately is now back in a private collection, because the.

841
01:59:25.650 --> 01:59:38.820
David Schwimmer: person who found it wants it back and sadly it's going to be lost a science from Fred but some mistakenly a small hadrosaur and weapon or tibia and it's from the latest it's on the description in Georgia.

842
01:59:39.960 --> 01:59:48.690
David Schwimmer: And so, let me conclude we've gotten a great number of new publications about dinosaurs in the southeast we've extended the range to six states from three.

843
01:59:49.350 --> 02:00:00.000
David Schwimmer: We now have some skeleton from skulls usually in marine deposits and there's a huge amount of unpublished material, which means we're going to have many more dinosaur discoveries in the in the future.

844
02:00:00.750 --> 02:00:07.950
David Schwimmer: And with that I think people who contributed to my work over the years and hopefully have a minute or so left a question, so I picked up so much time.

845
02:00:11.190 --> 02:00:14.490
John Fronimos: Actually, you should have several minutes for questions.

846
02:00:14.580 --> 02:00:15.060
David Schwimmer: i'll be glad.

847
02:00:16.020 --> 02:00:20.010
John Fronimos: That four to five, and I see one coming in from man Lou in the chat.

848
02:00:21.810 --> 02:00:22.440
David Schwimmer: Okay, great.

849
02:00:27.210 --> 02:00:33.360
John Fronimos: So the question is, I guess, from Ek, why is Sarah tops and materials so rare in the southeast.

850
02:00:34.050 --> 02:00:42.360
David Schwimmer: it's never been found before, in my opinion before the discovery in the latest version because Sir tops ian's appeared late in dinosaur history.

851
02:00:42.630 --> 02:00:51.930
David Schwimmer: And at that time the interior see blocked migration from the Western side of the continent to the east and we're pretty sure the Sarah tops ian's appear in Asia first.

852
02:00:52.830 --> 02:01:01.230
David Schwimmer: Therefore they had no way to they could migrate from Asia to learn micah during the cretaceous but they could migrate across from Jeremiah across to appalachia.

853
02:01:01.830 --> 02:01:12.120
David Schwimmer: It was that interior see blockage and in all the years of looking for dinosaurs in the entire eastern continent, no one had previously found legitimate certain obscene material.

854
02:01:12.840 --> 02:01:21.300
David Schwimmer: it's one of the that so that pretty much evidence that we were blocked from the West, most of the time during the late cretaceous.

855
02:01:24.990 --> 02:01:30.510
John Fronimos: so that he can also asked, besides the Mississippi specimen do you know of any others.

856
02:01:30.690 --> 02:01:39.180
David Schwimmer: No none whatsoever well again Nick long rich published the paper on that specimen from North Carolina.

857
02:01:40.080 --> 02:01:53.310
David Schwimmer: that's my opinion, this is not a certain topsy in but it isn't press right now so professionally it still exists as a report i'm just will skeptical of it, because to me that looks at my first guess would be that was a crocodilians pregnant.

858
02:01:57.600 --> 02:02:05.670
John Fronimos: And we have a question from Lewis sacco's asking that are most of the SE dinosaurs founded in marine deposits.

859
02:02:05.940 --> 02:02:14.580
David Schwimmer: entirely period, however doesn't mean they were living in the ocean, of course, but they're all basically floating or shore living.

860
02:02:15.450 --> 02:02:27.270
David Schwimmer: specimens that we're watching to see, I have a paper and in 1997 about the telephone interview teflon to me of marine dinosaurs in the East if anyone's interested i'll be glad to send a PDF.

861
02:02:33.150 --> 02:02:41.940
John Fronimos: And I have question in my own, I was wondering I don't know how far back the record goes, I know you mentioned, they are mostly.

862
02:02:43.590 --> 02:02:48.000
John Fronimos: I forget the earliest stage that you said, but is there any evidence of.

863
02:02:49.200 --> 02:02:57.030
John Fronimos: vicarious events associated with the opening of the formation of the western interior seaway or does the record in the East, not go back far enough to detect that.

864
02:02:57.480 --> 02:03:11.700
David Schwimmer: Well, we have a big break between the early cretaceous and the San Antonio we have early cretaceous dinosaurs in Virginia and Maryland in the Iran deal formation, then, is a fairly long temporal break and then we get the late cretaceous record.

865
02:03:13.350 --> 02:03:21.060
David Schwimmer: So we're not quite sure exactly how things got here, in addition to dinosaurs, we have freshwater fish that somehow are found in both sides of the continents.

866
02:03:21.540 --> 02:03:31.020
David Schwimmer: We have crocodilians I, we will pterosaurs easily could fly we have we have some east, west relations in amongst a foreigner but.

867
02:03:31.860 --> 02:03:46.410
David Schwimmer: Clearly dinosaurs worn swimming across the ocean, so it is most probable we cannot prove it, yet that they arrive before these interior see way made a complete block during the San Antonio that's our best or most plausible explanation.

868
02:03:48.660 --> 02:04:00.420
David Schwimmer: And it's but i'm still studying that i'm very much interested in the question that by carrie and sort of how how dinosaurs and other phone got across the interior see way it's one of those things i'd like to focus on for a while.

869
02:04:02.130 --> 02:04:10.800
David Schwimmer: There may have been some islands in between that's one hypothesis, we do have some evidence of volcanic islands in Oklahoma and Arkansas at the time.

870
02:04:11.550 --> 02:04:23.940
David Schwimmer: So there could have been a bit of island hopping but unlike modern mammals, we don't expect them floating across on mangrove rafts during the late cretaceous they're just too big and I don't think mangroves were thing then anyway.

871
02:04:25.080 --> 02:04:26.940
David Schwimmer: So you know.

872
02:04:28.620 --> 02:04:29.910
David Schwimmer: not sure true but, but yet.

873
02:04:32.820 --> 02:04:35.700
John Fronimos: Right Thank you that's a really interesting talk for.

874
02:04:37.200 --> 02:04:41.820
John Fronimos: Those of us here in the southeast and this brings us up now two.

875
02:04:43.380 --> 02:04:56.460
John Fronimos: To 340, which is our break time, so we have a 15 minute break resuming with talks at 355 also drop that into the chat so you have that as a.

876
02:04:57.090 --> 02:05:09.360
John Fronimos: As a reminder, if any of our remaining presenters have any questions or want to try anything out with the The co chairs, please let us know, otherwise we will resume here at 355.

877
02:05:10.080 --> 02:05:10.710
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): hey john.

878
02:05:11.400 --> 02:05:17.040
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Yes, so I was wondering john and Tom weather and folks that have been sort of back behind the scenes.

879
02:05:17.550 --> 02:05:23.370
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Whether there's any interest in people getting together and saying hello to each other, we see each other every year at southeast GSA and.

880
02:05:23.820 --> 02:05:31.620
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): You know this year is a little different and I, you know I don't know whether there's interest in doing that, but I wondered if it was okay for folks to say hi to each other, during this break.

881
02:05:32.400 --> 02:05:44.850
John Fronimos: Oh absolutely I think we can leave both available, and you know people can turn their microphones on I think you have the control to do that, so the chance to check in absolutely I think that would be great great.

882
02:05:44.940 --> 02:05:54.120
Tom Tobin: Thanks john Rowe and that would have been kind of my as PS person that I thought about it and, to be honest i'm undergoing a bit of pandemic fatigue with zoom meeting.

883
02:05:54.180 --> 02:05:57.780
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Oh, my God no anytime anytime I have the opportunity to do.

884
02:05:58.260 --> 02:06:13.980
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): phone these days I do phone, but I gotta say it is really nice to see all of you folks I think I see David Campbell and of course we just saw David schwimmer I think I see tricia and Diana it's really lovely to see folks and Tom I feel like I recognize is that your office.

885
02:06:14.130 --> 02:06:14.670
Tom Tobin: Is yeah.

886
02:06:14.850 --> 02:06:15.120
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah.

887
02:06:15.390 --> 02:06:16.410
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): i've been there, so.

888
02:06:19.140 --> 02:06:20.700
Patricia Kelley: When Carl sold office.

889
02:06:20.940 --> 02:06:23.310
Tom Tobin: I am in carl's old office actually yes yeah.

890
02:06:23.490 --> 02:06:24.420
Patricia Kelley: i've been there too.

891
02:06:25.770 --> 02:06:31.380
Tom Tobin: If i've told us one foot larger than the other offices in the hallway for reasons I don't fully understand.

892
02:06:31.470 --> 02:06:32.820
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Oh, my God you lucked out look at.

893
02:06:32.820 --> 02:06:33.210
Patricia Kelley: That.

894
02:06:33.810 --> 02:06:34.620
Patricia Kelley: i'm saying that.

895
02:06:34.800 --> 02:06:36.300
Tom Tobin: I would trade that for a window to the.

896
02:06:36.300 --> 02:06:37.620
Tom Tobin: outside any day but.

897
02:06:40.440 --> 02:06:41.490
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): I see Andy.

898
02:06:42.510 --> 02:06:49.200
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): i'm really missing missing myself these GSA buddies i'm missing our like our usual lunchtime out or you know get together.

899
02:06:49.650 --> 02:06:50.340
Patricia Kelley: For now.

900
02:06:50.520 --> 02:06:51.240
So.

901
02:06:52.980 --> 02:06:55.620
David Schwimmer: The next fall's SVP online again.

902
02:06:56.310 --> 02:06:57.390
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Oh, did they decide.

903
02:06:57.900 --> 02:07:00.240
Patricia Kelley: Oh yeah just shared that is that in September.

904
02:07:01.680 --> 02:07:08.340
David Schwimmer: Usually, but they I think they were just anticipating too much trouble you know shutting it down if necessary.

905
02:07:08.970 --> 02:07:11.730
David Schwimmer: huh yeah it's too bad I was kind of hoping to go up there.

906
02:07:12.600 --> 02:07:15.300
Patricia Kelley: i'm still hoping portland's in person hmm.

907
02:07:15.870 --> 02:07:18.540
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah they haven't made a decision on that yet have they.

908
02:07:18.630 --> 02:07:19.230
know.

909
02:07:21.690 --> 02:07:24.210
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): And Diana Where are you located for you based.

910
02:07:25.050 --> 02:07:26.310
Diana Ortega-Ariza: Lawrence Kansas.

911
02:07:26.790 --> 02:07:27.660
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): gotcha okay.

912
02:07:28.590 --> 02:07:29.220
Diana Ortega-Ariza: hey David.

913
02:07:30.900 --> 02:07:38.910
Diana Ortega-Ariza: I was an assistant professor at Columbus State University yeah I was there for three years and happy to see David.

914
02:07:41.820 --> 02:07:46.050
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Oh Jennifer Nestor you know is saying and the GSA will definitely be in person in portland.

915
02:07:46.380 --> 02:07:47.100
Patricia Kelley: Oh yeah.

916
02:07:47.610 --> 02:07:48.570
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): That is exciting yeah.

917
02:07:50.340 --> 02:07:51.090
Patricia Kelley: Right.

918
02:07:51.450 --> 02:07:58.380
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): And shout out to Jennifer, thank you for holding the career events and things for students at this meeting really appreciate it.

919
02:08:00.300 --> 02:08:03.690
David Schwimmer: yeah no you in clink we're gonna have a field trip on this meeting do that.

920
02:08:03.720 --> 02:08:07.950
Diana Ortega-Ariza: What happened, yes, actually we we let a virtual field trip yesterday.

921
02:08:08.100 --> 02:08:08.880
David Schwimmer: Okay virtual field.

922
02:08:09.600 --> 02:08:11.760
Diana Ortega-Ariza: Well, good attendance.

923
02:08:12.240 --> 02:08:14.820
David Schwimmer: You were lucky because we had incredible range stroke lesson.

924
02:08:16.200 --> 02:08:16.710
Diana Ortega-Ariza: Where people.

925
02:08:21.210 --> 02:08:29.250
Tom Tobin: chuck want to do the Bosco landing trip they like yeah if it had been in person that places complete, like all of our rivers are almost being fully now.

926
02:08:30.030 --> 02:08:33.630
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): That tell me that time i'm supposed to do field work, I think, in May.

927
02:08:34.770 --> 02:08:36.510
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah down in Alabama so.

928
02:08:36.750 --> 02:08:37.440
It might.

929
02:08:43.500 --> 02:08:48.510
Diana Ortega-Ariza: Over filter it, you know getting wet and talking and doing that thrives on.

930
02:08:49.380 --> 02:08:50.250
Diana Ortega-Ariza: As part of the.

931
02:08:50.310 --> 02:08:51.000
adventure.

932
02:08:52.020 --> 02:08:56.160
David Schwimmer: Also really heavy rain does a great job of scaring the outcrop remember when you create.

933
02:08:58.380 --> 02:08:59.550
David Schwimmer: The bones pop out.

934
02:08:59.760 --> 02:09:00.150
David Schwimmer: You need.

935
02:09:00.960 --> 02:09:10.500
Rindsberg, Andrew: I need to know I enjoyed your field trip and one of the things I enjoyed was being able to see the strat sections, without being in the front row.

936
02:09:11.610 --> 02:09:12.510
Diana Ortega-Ariza: Back yeah.

937
02:09:12.720 --> 02:09:16.110
Rindsberg, Andrew: and your photo micro graphs and the other.

938
02:09:17.340 --> 02:09:22.650
Rindsberg, Andrew: and using Google Street View That was something i've never seen.

939
02:09:24.000 --> 02:09:27.060
Rindsberg, Andrew: So you were quite inventive, I really appreciate it.

940
02:09:27.420 --> 02:09:40.710
Diana Ortega-Ariza: You know you have to be so creative when this like instead of going to the field and hearing the rocks and creating a filter and trying to make it as engaging as if you were looking at the rocks that's challenging.

941
02:09:40.740 --> 02:09:41.910
Diana Ortega-Ariza: So so yeah we were.

942
02:09:42.030 --> 02:09:43.440
Diana Ortega-Ariza: Trying to make it.

943
02:09:44.550 --> 02:09:47.100
Diana Ortega-Ariza: Like yeah you're enjoying the rocks as much as.

944
02:09:48.300 --> 02:09:50.160
Diana Ortega-Ariza: You go in the virtual world.

945
02:09:53.100 --> 02:09:58.410
Rindsberg, Andrew: Well, we didn't have the chatter in the bus, but on the other hand, we didn't have to smell 40 but geologists.

946
02:09:58.410 --> 02:09:58.710
either.

947
02:10:01.890 --> 02:10:03.120
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Thank you for that and.

948
02:10:03.630 --> 02:10:07.620
Rindsberg, Andrew: And I must say if i'm sitting here in my own home the bathrooms are better.

949
02:10:12.840 --> 02:10:16.560
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): how's everybody doing I know it's been just such an incredibly difficult year.

950
02:10:17.700 --> 02:10:21.930
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Everybody hanging in there, I know tricia you're out in the Pacific Northwest right.

951
02:10:22.350 --> 02:10:34.590
Patricia Kelley: yeah I haven't been home since February of last year, but my husband came out or we could go, and so I have seen it, I went for a whole year and 10 days without seeing my husband.

952
02:10:34.980 --> 02:10:46.470
Patricia Kelley: But on the other hand, i've had lots of time with the grandsons no no time to see my granddaughter in Virginia, but yeah i'm primary child care for my grandson's.

953
02:10:46.860 --> 02:10:47.550
There you go.

954
02:10:48.840 --> 02:10:50.430
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): How about everybody else has everybody has to.

955
02:10:50.820 --> 02:10:53.010
David Schwimmer: learn how to do online courses.

956
02:10:55.650 --> 02:10:58.230
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): So one of my students rosemary's here and.

957
02:10:58.260 --> 02:10:59.190
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Rosemary guardado.

958
02:10:59.610 --> 02:11:15.420
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): And she can tell you I think in in William and Mary we have all in theory we've learned how to do online courses, but i'm not really sure in practice we've learned how to do it we're trying that we definitely haven't easy as i'm in the geology department which we're trying or.

959
02:11:15.540 --> 02:11:16.830
Tom Tobin: i'm feeling right now it's like.

960
02:11:17.040 --> 02:11:23.490
Tom Tobin: We did we canceled our spring break and so like right now is when i'm normally like refreshed and ready to go and now it's like oh my God so kind of the month.

961
02:11:26.280 --> 02:11:28.380
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah we have spring break dates.

962
02:11:28.380 --> 02:11:38.550
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): That are distributed they're supposed to be distributed out but um I don't know how Rosemary feels, but I feel like I Those are my days to catch up on all the work I didn't manage to get done on the other days.

963
02:11:38.940 --> 02:11:40.710
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): I haven't been able to fully take a.

964
02:11:40.740 --> 02:11:45.930
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): break off on on any of my screen right days so far, because, like rowan said.

965
02:11:46.350 --> 02:12:01.320
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): I either I I knew this is going to happen, the met in the moment they mentioned that we had spring break days I was like okay well, will you marry students are going to use those days of catch up on work that they fell behind on so.

966
02:12:02.820 --> 02:12:03.990
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): fortunate but.

967
02:12:05.550 --> 02:12:10.860
David Schwimmer: On the other hand, will be so nice to get back to the office and classes next fall, which I assume we're going to do.

968
02:12:12.840 --> 02:12:18.900
David Schwimmer: i've scheduled online courses for the summer, but i'm going to definitely have fall in love in person courses in the fall.

969
02:12:19.980 --> 02:12:25.260
David Schwimmer: i'm sure it'll really feel refresh just getting back in you know actually seeing a student or two.

970
02:12:26.670 --> 02:12:27.030
Rindsberg, Andrew: yeah.

971
02:12:27.120 --> 02:12:30.870
Rindsberg, Andrew: Sure sure yeah you're in your recently retired, how do you feel.

972
02:12:32.250 --> 02:12:32.580
Patricia Kelley: me.

973
02:12:32.640 --> 02:12:35.790
Rindsberg, Andrew: that's has covered made much difference in your lifestyle.

974
02:12:36.780 --> 02:12:37.410
uh.

975
02:12:39.360 --> 02:13:01.350
Patricia Kelley: Well, I haven't been in a store since February, a year ago I spent all my time taking care of grandchildren and you know time I squeeze in my failure society and awt responsibilities when I can but yeah i'm so glad i'm retired and I didn't have to pivot into online teaching yeah yeah.

976
02:13:02.640 --> 02:13:10.650
Patricia Kelley: i'm going to pop out and go here Tony Martin give this talk I think he's up now so i'm so glad.

977
02:13:11.100 --> 02:13:12.180
Rindsberg, Andrew: He was in this session.

978
02:13:12.990 --> 02:13:14.790
Patricia Kelley: I think he's in a different room.

979
02:13:15.210 --> 02:13:16.830
Rindsberg, Andrew: What Oh well, I better.

980
02:13:20.070 --> 02:13:23.400
Patricia Kelley: Thanks for suggesting this round so glad to see.

981
02:13:23.790 --> 02:13:24.300
You.

982
02:13:26.520 --> 02:13:27.840
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): hey Kate welcome.

983
02:13:29.970 --> 02:13:36.600
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Mary student who's uh who's joining us so David I was trying to figure, are you still Where are you these days.

984
02:13:36.840 --> 02:13:42.720
David Schwimmer: Still Columbus Georgia I updated my Facebook page and somehow it seemed to think Mike when my Grad schools where i'm teaching.

985
02:13:43.290 --> 02:13:45.390
David Schwimmer: Nice bonus.

986
02:13:45.600 --> 02:13:50.970
David Schwimmer: up here in Georgia, I probably stay here till they carry me away and put me in the fossil collection.

987
02:13:51.060 --> 02:13:53.550
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): As about to say, does that mean you go straight to the fossil record are.

988
02:13:53.850 --> 02:13:56.850
David Schwimmer: pretty much I mean i'm the longest serving faculty in my university.

989
02:13:57.480 --> 02:13:58.350
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Are you really.

990
02:13:58.500 --> 02:14:07.830
David Schwimmer: 43 years this wow yeah good thing about it, you know you can keep on doing the same old same old at you, they don't kill you or something.

991
02:14:09.780 --> 02:14:16.920
David Schwimmer: And the students are pretty pretty good about it so far yeah I have new Grad student, by the way, is a dinosaur who's a dinosaur fan.

992
02:14:18.090 --> 02:14:18.600
David Schwimmer: Is.

993
02:14:19.200 --> 02:14:19.950
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): going to work on.

994
02:14:20.010 --> 02:14:30.090
David Schwimmer: So he's well he's in generally interested in eastern dinosaurs so i'm going to get them up to speed and have them carry on, and I think i'm gonna have them address that by karen's question is a big topic.

995
02:14:30.120 --> 02:14:33.270
David Schwimmer: Because I wondered, I was gonna ask you if you're going to follow up on that that's.

996
02:14:33.270 --> 02:14:46.200
David Schwimmer: Great that's like that's the major question I think it's just harder or dinosaurs get her or did or these ancestral populations that actually spread so where else okay it's it's been hypothesize both ways.

997
02:14:46.530 --> 02:15:01.440
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): I have to admit I spend so much time thinking about moleskine populations on the coastal plain and you know what's happening in terms of moleskine biogeography until your talk, I really hadn't thought about dinosaur biogeography on the coastal plain so i'm i'm clearly missing out here.

998
02:15:01.680 --> 02:15:03.210
David Schwimmer: A little spawn quite the same way.

999
02:15:04.050 --> 02:15:06.930
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): to broadcast funding and dinosaurs what that's not a thing.

1000
02:15:08.280 --> 02:15:11.220
David Schwimmer: That you know little project, the exit well.

1001
02:15:11.400 --> 02:15:14.010
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): I see David Campbell is smiling at the thought of it.

1002
02:15:19.140 --> 02:15:30.870
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): I have a question real quick so who will be presenting on like Rachel moore's after the break and everything on to the back to like the last session and everything who's going to be doing the zoom chair.

1003
02:15:31.350 --> 02:15:33.510
Tom Tobin: i'm going to be doing the posters and things like.

1004
02:15:33.510 --> 02:15:36.120
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Okay, this is Rosemary Rosemary this is.

1005
02:15:36.120 --> 02:15:36.450
Tom.

1006
02:15:38.070 --> 02:15:54.060
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): hi I just have one request, so I was looking at, like the other previous poster presentations and everything and i'm actually the way that I recorded my presentations that I did slides and everything, and so I think it'd be best if you've maximized the the like screen in the corner.

1007
02:15:54.690 --> 02:15:59.040
Tom Tobin: Just let me I can we got four minutes I can do it will tell me what you like and don't like.

1008
02:15:59.370 --> 02:16:02.700
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): that's exciting right because, like, I saw that people you because, like.

1009
02:16:03.540 --> 02:16:09.270
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): i'm to give you some contacts and everything, while we were while are a little Paleo I was like coffee no se GSA.

1010
02:16:09.480 --> 02:16:16.080
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): We are giving suggestions like oh Maybe she shows like you know figures from like here a lot they come get a poster basically.

1011
02:16:16.320 --> 02:16:31.740
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): And so that's what like we did, and everything and then like coming here and I realize everyone it's like talking and everything I was like oh my God you can't even see whatever reason for that so yeah So if you look at the little right there, so you know it's really tiny high maximizing.

1012
02:16:31.890 --> 02:16:33.900
Tom Tobin: For you on this screen maximize.

1013
02:16:33.930 --> 02:16:34.740
Tom Tobin: Yes, yes.

1014
02:16:34.830 --> 02:16:35.460
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): yeah.

1015
02:16:35.790 --> 02:16:38.460
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): And so, Tom that's going to be to for.

1016
02:16:40.140 --> 02:16:44.940
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): rieger darko and for calling Norton Kate do you want to do it for years to.

1017
02:16:46.050 --> 02:16:47.280
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah and katie mckinney.

1018
02:16:47.460 --> 02:17:00.630
Tom Tobin: Okay, so for all so i've got my schedule here to give you my three posters perfect all right i'll maximize your small screen every each one of those yeah because some people have it where it's like zooming around on the poster and they're talking about it and.

1019
02:17:01.860 --> 02:17:02.580
Tom Tobin: yeah that works.

1020
02:17:04.170 --> 02:17:04.980
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): Great Thank you.

1021
02:17:05.040 --> 02:17:12.570
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Oh, and I have to give so Rachel I have to give you a shout out, we read yours and tom's geology paper in my paleontology course a couple weeks ago.

1022
02:17:13.290 --> 02:17:13.710
So.

1023
02:17:16.320 --> 02:17:17.010
Rachel Mohr: Did they like it.

1024
02:17:17.520 --> 02:17:24.060
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): They did yeah they liked it a lot so lots of questions about sclerotic chronology lots of questions about you know.

1025
02:17:25.860 --> 02:17:35.910
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): You know these these two intervals, and you know the drivers of the KPMG for folks that don't know Rachel had a really great paper in geology basically getting at.

1026
02:17:37.020 --> 02:17:50.490
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Looking at changes in delta see 13 seasonally leading up to and beyond the KPMG and looking at how that corresponds to you know things like the deck and traps versus the the bowl light and backed.

1027
02:17:56.460 --> 02:18:00.120
Tom Tobin: Up we're really hoping for temperature, but it just turns out, they don't record temperature.

1028
02:18:01.800 --> 02:18:06.150
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah you did a good job of explaining it in the paper, though, so good.

1029
02:18:10.500 --> 02:18:11.310
This was a.

1030
02:18:12.630 --> 02:18:14.970
Tom Tobin: result, a lot of work to squeeze that into a geology man is.

1031
02:18:16.230 --> 02:18:17.340
Tom Tobin: so little space.

1032
02:18:17.430 --> 02:18:22.110
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah just not I mean it's great because you're going to get really good coverage and everyone's going to cite it and.

1033
02:18:22.200 --> 02:18:24.720
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): And all that, but it there you don't have much space to work with.

1034
02:18:26.520 --> 02:18:27.180
So much.

1035
02:18:30.750 --> 02:18:41.250
Tom Tobin: Unfortunately, being like cut like the way it was cutting really kind of a little pieces off here and there, you can't really compile them into like a second manuscript because they're, just like the edges, rather than like the meat of another thing but.

1036
02:18:43.560 --> 02:18:43.860
yeah.

1037
02:18:46.080 --> 02:18:52.530
Tom Tobin: The group Michigan Sierra peterson is doing some work that we can kind of that are so Rachel stuff will contribute to as well.

1038
02:18:52.620 --> 02:19:01.320
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah actually um that's the grant that Rosemary and I are on Cory meyers currently peach Sierra peterson one yeah cool.

1039
02:19:01.650 --> 02:19:03.120
Tom Tobin: Was that a friends or is that.

1040
02:19:05.550 --> 02:19:08.160
Tom Tobin: Is that a French Fries grantor ftp or.

1041
02:19:08.250 --> 02:19:10.110
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): SGP yeah yeah.

1042
02:19:11.160 --> 02:19:12.360
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): let's see what's press.

1043
02:19:12.720 --> 02:19:15.210
Tom Tobin: frontier research and her science it's for like.

1044
02:19:16.050 --> 02:19:17.130
Tom Tobin: Jeff Walker the for.

1045
02:19:17.550 --> 02:19:23.460
RISE Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yep I got it, but now it was it was classic SGP it was yeah dnn company cool.

1046
02:19:24.060 --> 02:19:27.510
Tom Tobin: Alright, we are coming up on our next topic.

1047
02:19:30.000 --> 02:19:31.500
Tom Tobin: Rachel that unix yeah.

1048
02:19:31.590 --> 02:19:33.990
Tom Tobin: yeah you want to get your screen going.

1049
02:19:44.730 --> 02:19:46.950
Rachel Mohr: You see, the phone screens line.

1050
02:19:47.370 --> 02:19:47.700
yep.

1051
02:19:50.730 --> 02:19:51.810
Tom Tobin: We got one minute, or something.

1052
02:19:56.640 --> 02:20:01.380
John Fronimos: While we're waiting, we can mention one more time I guess for anybody who's joining us after the break.

1053
02:20:02.490 --> 02:20:09.690
John Fronimos: you're in interactions of environments and life a schedule says during the paleozoic that this is really fan results so.

1054
02:20:11.400 --> 02:20:15.270
John Fronimos: expect to the range from mesozoic downward at this point.

1055
02:20:19.650 --> 02:20:27.450
Tom Tobin: Do you think got it wrong at one point that we want to correct it and they're like no corrections are allowed or yes we we got stuck with it.

1056
02:20:34.050 --> 02:20:37.680
Tom Tobin: we're good to go john you want me to introduce or you want to start it either way is fine.

1057
02:20:40.500 --> 02:20:56.880
John Fronimos: I can go ahead and introduce this being the last of them has been split up so welcome back to the break, as I said, our next talk command we have Rachel more and Thomas Tobin i'll go ahead and turn the floor over to you.

1058
02:20:59.400 --> 02:21:09.120
Rachel Mohr: Alright today i'm going to tell you a little bit about an ongoing project we have investigating the class and histories genus of ammonites and like cretaceous of Alabama.

1059
02:21:10.500 --> 02:21:22.500
Rachel Mohr: The ammonites are super diverse group throughout the cretaceous and because of their unique properties being abundant and widespread and often face she's independent.

1060
02:21:22.770 --> 02:21:34.410
Rachel Mohr: they're very useful for bio strategic for us for bias redick donations and correlations, and in particular the Plaza and his service genus of ammonites maybe especially.

1061
02:21:35.130 --> 02:21:44.880
Rachel Mohr: useful for bias photography it has that potential in that it's an especially abundant genus of ammonites and it's found worldwide.

1062
02:21:45.480 --> 02:21:55.230
Rachel Mohr: In their cretaceous so it could be super useful, except for what else is high at coined the species problem in 1903.

1063
02:21:55.980 --> 02:22:04.710
Rachel Mohr: And what the species problem is for this genius is basically that this genius has so many different varieties in form and shape.

1064
02:22:05.400 --> 02:22:12.510
Rachel Mohr: That it's hard to draw the lines between species to know exactly where you should group all of the individuals.

1065
02:22:13.110 --> 02:22:30.030
Rachel Mohr: So, since this geniuses first studied nearly 200 years ago, this has been identified as a problem there's currently over 130 species name worldwide, but the differences between the species still aren't that clear and it's kind of an ongoing puzzle.

1066
02:22:31.650 --> 02:22:44.850
Rachel Mohr: So even higher himself in his 1903 posthumous manuscript he is responsible for naming and describing a vast majority of the important species present in North America.

1067
02:22:45.540 --> 02:22:57.570
Rachel Mohr: But he also kind of waffled between the idea that maybe instead of like 32 species, maybe they were all one species and he couldn't make up his mind between these two hypotheses.

1068
02:22:58.290 --> 02:23:10.920
Rachel Mohr: And then, in recent years there's been a lot of ongoing work where a lot of authors are reconsidering this genus of class in history is is possibly being over split so.

1069
02:23:11.310 --> 02:23:28.410
Rachel Mohr: there's a bunch of species in Texas, and Europe and in South Africa that have been recombined into singular species in those areas and a recent dissertation by Karen wagoner suggested that perhaps there's some file attic gradualism at play in this group as well.

1070
02:23:30.510 --> 02:23:43.800
Rachel Mohr: So to just take a little bit of a bite sized chunk out of this genus we're approaching a relatively small geographic area just Alabama and neighboring counties.

1071
02:23:44.310 --> 02:23:50.970
Rachel Mohr: And we're also focusing on a limited range of time, the San Antonio through most European time periods of the lake cretaceous.

1072
02:23:51.570 --> 02:24:00.720
Rachel Mohr: And within these confines and the published literature and in museum specimens and the labels associated with them there's possibly many.

1073
02:24:01.170 --> 02:24:11.610
Rachel Mohr: As many as eight different species of this genus present, but the approach that we're going to take here is to kind of set aside those previous species designations.

1074
02:24:12.150 --> 02:24:16.110
Rachel Mohr: and try to approach the population from a more quantitative.

1075
02:24:17.010 --> 02:24:25.620
Rachel Mohr: way so we're going to collect more metric measurements of all of the class and histories individuals available and some major collections from this area.

1076
02:24:25.950 --> 02:24:35.730
Rachel Mohr: and try to characterize the population quantitatively, to see whether or not there are distinct morphological groupings that are supported by that data.

1077
02:24:37.650 --> 02:24:54.360
Rachel Mohr: The specimens that are part of this study are the class and histories individuals available in these three major Alabama fossil collections, including the geological survey of Alabama mcqueen science Center in Birmingham, and the Alabama museum of natural history.

1078
02:25:13.320 --> 02:25:13.770
Rachel Mohr: Of.

1079
02:25:15.270 --> 02:25:22.770
Rachel Mohr: variables relating to the size of different features on the shelf, such as diameter world height world with venture with.

1080
02:25:23.310 --> 02:25:30.960
Rachel Mohr: The width of the umbilical which is kind of the Center part of the world, the distance between septum along the Venter.

1081
02:25:31.380 --> 02:25:47.340
Rachel Mohr: And then the positioning and counts of the three main types of tuber goals, which are these little ornamental bumps found on mini plus of history specimens it's all together these direct measurements of shells are considered the raw more for metric data.

1082
02:25:48.420 --> 02:26:06.300
Rachel Mohr: We also had some calculated variables to kind of normalize some of these size variables to account for different size specimens so if there's a change in the world shape towards bigger specimens these ratio variables will account for that.

1083
02:26:08.700 --> 02:26:18.150
Rachel Mohr: So morph metric measurements were taken in many places on multiple different locations on individual shells, as they were available.

1084
02:26:20.100 --> 02:26:28.470
Rachel Mohr: and, overall, there were nearly 210 specimens measured for nearly 2000 individual measurements.

1085
02:26:29.400 --> 02:26:41.550
Rachel Mohr: And, since this is a project that involves multivariate statistics before we get into those I want to address some problems that often occur with multivariate statistics and missing values.

1086
02:26:42.120 --> 02:26:53.940
Rachel Mohr: Which missing values are nothing new to the paleontological field, just because not all fossils are perfectly preserved so we are going to have missing values in our data, and we do.

1087
02:26:55.290 --> 02:27:15.060
Rachel Mohr: Although the multivariate statistical analyses that we would like to run require complete rows of data only so there's three approaches that we can take to get around these missing values, and we will compare all three of these methods.

1088
02:27:17.100 --> 02:27:25.620
Rachel Mohr: One the most simple way is to remove enough specimens or variable so that you no longer have any incomplete holes in your matrix.

1089
02:27:26.100 --> 02:27:32.220
Rachel Mohr: But that, obviously, is going to reduce the number of assessments and variables that you can investigate so it's not ideal.

1090
02:27:32.910 --> 02:27:44.520
Rachel Mohr: The results i'm going to show you today are based off of the second method which is using the Miss mda package and our to use an iterative PCA algorithm to estimate missing values.

1091
02:27:45.420 --> 02:28:01.110
Rachel Mohr: And a third way, which is going to be the next step of this project is to do sort of the manual amputation, by taking the known relationships of variables within an individual and extrapolating that to broken or incomplete positions.

1092
02:28:03.930 --> 02:28:05.190
Rachel Mohr: So the first.

1093
02:28:06.360 --> 02:28:15.150
Rachel Mohr: Analysis i'm going to show you here is the principal components analysis which is kind of the main multivariate statistical methods that we're using.

1094
02:28:15.960 --> 02:28:27.300
Rachel Mohr: And this first data set is all of the class and testers shells 202 of them, and all of the raw more for metric measurements like I showed you before.

1095
02:28:29.010 --> 02:28:39.270
Rachel Mohr: and using the Miss mta data amputation method we can produce a complete PCA plot of all of those variables.

1096
02:28:39.780 --> 02:28:50.280
Rachel Mohr: and doing a multiple amputation, where we refill in the missing values 200 times to see what the differences in the results.

1097
02:28:51.090 --> 02:29:00.750
Rachel Mohr: That variance resulting from those 200 different iterations is shown here and we can see that the directions of the two principal components are.

1098
02:29:01.110 --> 02:29:16.320
Rachel Mohr: fluctuating slightly, but they're relatively constant in the direction that they should be going in which suggests that, even though we're filling in a lot of missing values with estimated values it's not changing the results of our PCA factors.

1099
02:29:18.060 --> 02:29:28.380
Rachel Mohr: And we can also look at between the different variables, which ones have more variants usually as a result of them having more missing values.

1100
02:29:30.030 --> 02:29:46.050
Rachel Mohr: So worldwide is one that has very few missing values, so it has a very small difference between the multiple amputations, of the missing data so that's something that we look at in the background kind of for each of these analyses we're impeding data.

1101
02:29:47.400 --> 02:30:03.690
Rachel Mohr: But the results here are that the first principle component has a lot of vectors stacked up relating to the size of the Shell, with a secondary principal component relating to the number of two vehicles, so the ornamentation of the individual.

1102
02:30:05.790 --> 02:30:13.290
Rachel Mohr: The next step in this process is to use the nb cost package to determine the optimal number of clusters.

1103
02:30:13.950 --> 02:30:32.040
Rachel Mohr: Of sort of different morphology is that might be present and statistically valid here so running 30 different types of clustering indices, the most frequent suggested number of clusters is three so we can split up our data into three clusters.

1104
02:30:33.420 --> 02:30:38.580
Rachel Mohr: So these would be the three distinct morphology as shown with these variables.

1105
02:30:39.900 --> 02:30:51.840
Rachel Mohr: plotting radar plots of the three clusters will show scaled mean average values for each of the variables for the clusters, and this is where we can start to convert.

1106
02:30:52.230 --> 02:31:03.780
Rachel Mohr: These cluster memberships back into something that's technically meaningful, so we can start to describe what is it that makes cluster three different from cluster to from cluster one.

1107
02:31:04.710 --> 02:31:17.460
Rachel Mohr: In this case, the counts of tumor goals aren't changing as much between the three groups, but all of the other variables relating to size are varying significantly.

1108
02:31:18.150 --> 02:31:34.080
Rachel Mohr: So using just the raw more for metric measurements is giving us groups based largely on size which may be more related to on to genetic stages in the population, then say species differences so.

1109
02:31:34.980 --> 02:31:46.200
Rachel Mohr: We can look at a different set of variables, the ratio variables, which may give us some more information about shape kind of independent of size and this might be more useful.

1110
02:31:48.390 --> 02:32:07.710
Rachel Mohr: PCA of this dataset has the strongest principal component relating to the shape of the world, so relatively how wide is the world compared to how tall, it is, and the width of the venture with some minor secondary characters that explain only a small amount of variance.

1111
02:32:09.450 --> 02:32:21.780
Rachel Mohr: The recommended number of clusters for the ratio variables is for and produces radar plots with really unique combinations of variables.

1112
02:32:22.320 --> 02:32:35.460
Rachel Mohr: And so, by looking at the different levels of each of the different variables here on the radar plots you can start to move these clusters back into a more traditional taxonomic description.

1113
02:32:36.030 --> 02:32:59.160
Rachel Mohr: Of these groups, so we could write Descriptions such as the ones here as an example, cluster for is kind of a unique and Member with the status the widest worlds and the widest Center has the most numerous cubicles of all types, relatively envelope with a low rate of expansion.

1114
02:33:00.540 --> 02:33:13.380
Rachel Mohr: So the cluster analysis can kind of show us what the main clusters are, and then the radar plots can help us figure out what the actual morphological characteristics of each of those clusters is.

1115
02:33:16.200 --> 02:33:25.650
Rachel Mohr: Just as kind of a side investigation into how much are missing values in the data amputation here is affecting our results.

1116
02:33:25.950 --> 02:33:43.800
Rachel Mohr: I took just a slightly smaller data set representing 73 of the best preserved plastic history specimens that I measured, they still have some missing data that had to be imputed but the results were generally similar between.

1117
02:33:44.910 --> 02:34:01.170
Rachel Mohr: The previous example that I just showed you so the principal component is controlled by the same variables, the only differences here we're recommending three clusters, instead of four but that's probably just due to this cluster for in the last example only.

1118
02:34:02.250 --> 02:34:10.620
Rachel Mohr: represented for individuals, one of them most likely being one of the very, very large specimens in this collection.

1119
02:34:12.420 --> 02:34:17.730
Rachel Mohr: And if we examine the morphological differences between these clusters, based on the radar plots.

1120
02:34:18.510 --> 02:34:30.720
Rachel Mohr: me a tightness of coiling as relatively similar between all three groups because that's kind of the vertical variation here in these clusters and then the other variables.

1121
02:34:31.710 --> 02:34:38.880
Rachel Mohr: Are kind of all scaling together and based on some linear mix modeling that i've been.

1122
02:34:39.420 --> 02:34:50.370
Rachel Mohr: experimenting with a little bit it's possible that some of these shape variables actually may correspond to size to some degree over.

1123
02:34:51.240 --> 02:35:04.680
Rachel Mohr: Individual specimen so throughout a class and testers individual lifestyle lifespan they may become over time, more compressed or less compressed as they move through different onto genetic forms.

1124
02:35:05.340 --> 02:35:14.580
Rachel Mohr: So the last PCA analysis that i'd like to show you today tries to attack this problem of different onto genetic stages.

1125
02:35:15.030 --> 02:35:30.510
Rachel Mohr: by looking at a data set that represents only measurements taken at a world height of near 35 millimeters so this would in theory represent individuals all at the same onto kinetic moment in their life.

1126
02:35:32.100 --> 02:35:49.470
Rachel Mohr: and controlling for that ontogeny we do still get a similar spread on the first principle component axis, where the shape of the world and the width of the venture, and the number of cubicles are shown as some of the most important features.

1127
02:35:50.700 --> 02:35:57.660
Rachel Mohr: Most notably, here, though we get to really distinct clusters that are quite different from each other.

1128
02:35:58.680 --> 02:36:12.840
Rachel Mohr: And if we look at the variables in the PCA and the differences in the radar plots we can find some examples of what is actually making these two clusters different from each other.

1129
02:36:14.370 --> 02:36:22.380
Rachel Mohr: Some really great example and Members that belong to each of these clusters are shown here, so one of the difference here is.

1130
02:36:24.030 --> 02:36:42.030
Rachel Mohr: We have a much narrower world with in cluster one than cluster to So you can see, the overall shape of the world here as much stouter then, this one is much narrower, the other main difference, would be a narrower Venter here and fewer to rickles.

1131
02:36:43.050 --> 02:36:52.650
Rachel Mohr: And if we look at these two specimens from another angle here this shadowy area is the very narrow tabulate venture, and here we have a wider Venter.

1132
02:36:53.700 --> 02:37:00.210
Rachel Mohr: And some two vehicles, whereas the specimen had much smoother flanks without that ornamentation.

1133
02:37:01.620 --> 02:37:13.980
Rachel Mohr: So in this example, at a certain like standard on to genetic stage we have these very to clear populations of different shapes different styles of orientation.

1134
02:37:16.260 --> 02:37:21.450
Rachel Mohr: So as a conclusion or summary of where we're at so far in this project.

1135
02:37:22.260 --> 02:37:31.980
Rachel Mohr: While there may be as many as eight specimens or species of this genius reported in Alabama previously it's possible that this is a bit over split.

1136
02:37:32.370 --> 02:37:40.710
Rachel Mohr: Because our cluster analyses consistently recommend two to four clusters, regardless of the combination of included variables or measurements.

1137
02:37:41.010 --> 02:37:52.620
Rachel Mohr: Including a lot more different combinations of variables that i've been able to include in this presentation today, and I think cluster assignments, maybe a useful tool for Objective least sorting.

1138
02:37:53.670 --> 02:38:04.740
Rachel Mohr: and members of a traditional series in class and pistorius Shell shapes, this is a really common gravitational series in class and history species that's reported.

1139
02:38:05.160 --> 02:38:12.900
Rachel Mohr: Where a population may have a range between these two worlds shapes and the cluster analysis is able to determine.

1140
02:38:13.410 --> 02:38:25.200
Rachel Mohr: Without any input from the taxonomist themselves which specimen should belong to each cluster so can maybe help us draw the line between these different morphological types.

1141
02:38:26.130 --> 02:38:43.080
Rachel Mohr: or next steps are going to try that third way of including the data manually looking a little bit more at linear mixed models and to kind of attack the question of whether I let it gradualism is that play comparing the populations in Alabama through time.

1142
02:38:44.760 --> 02:38:54.270
Rachel Mohr: i'd like to thank the following individuals and institutions for their assistance on this project and, hopefully, we have a minute or two for questions.

1143
02:39:00.720 --> 02:39:10.230
Tom Tobin: Thanks Rachel we do have a few and double check that correct about that we actually have one minute for questions if there's a quick question.

1144
02:39:25.050 --> 02:39:32.700
Tom Tobin: Think then you've got enough free if you're unsure but thank you and our next.

1145
02:39:34.110 --> 02:39:44.850
Tom Tobin: topic technically next poster but it's still talk is from Rosemary gordo and rowan lockwood and I will be sharing that he poster here in just a moment i'm.

1146
02:39:50.640 --> 02:39:52.260
Sorry, one second here folks.

1147
02:39:53.970 --> 02:39:54.960
Share screen.

1148
02:39:57.150 --> 02:39:57.570
Sure got.

1149
02:39:58.860 --> 02:40:04.200
Tom Tobin: It you've got the right poster looks correct and i'm going to enlarge this.

1150
02:40:05.790 --> 02:40:10.410
Tom Tobin: And let me know if you guys can't hear this or.

1151
02:40:14.610 --> 02:40:15.810
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): Are we and cretaceous math.

1152
02:40:16.170 --> 02:40:26.610
Tom Tobin: will start that over again hi my name is Rosemary or it auto, and today I will talk about how we end cretaceous mass extinction effective phylogenetic relationships and crass Toledo.

1153
02:40:29.220 --> 02:40:37.080
Tom Tobin: There are many studies that have already documented the effects of the cretaceous paley G K big mass extinction on shallow marine invertebrates.

1154
02:40:37.320 --> 02:40:44.430
Tom Tobin: However, most of these studies don't actually look at the evolutionary consequences that using a strata graphic or phylogenetic approach.

1155
02:40:44.790 --> 02:40:55.320
Tom Tobin: With That being said, during the cretaceous Cranfield bivalves from the US golf course or playing radiated rapidly and which seven general were found prior to the boundary but only three survived the mass extinction.

1156
02:40:56.160 --> 02:41:06.090
Tom Tobin: This makes crass until it a useful lineage in order to us to study the effects of the cretaceous pillaging and how it affected evolutionary relationships.

1157
02:41:06.810 --> 02:41:14.730
Tom Tobin: In order to study the effects, I had three research goals, the first was to reconstruct my lodge and he of classes holiday focusing on the US office will claim.

1158
02:41:15.390 --> 02:41:27.150
Tom Tobin: If you look here at the geologic map on the right, you can see that the area within the white box represents the US coastal plain in which the yellow shadow graphic units represents the Paleo gene and the Green represents.

1159
02:41:28.590 --> 02:41:32.370
The cretaceous the red line and between the two, so is the boundary.

1160
02:41:33.600 --> 02:41:43.410
My secondary school I had was to identify major cleats within the family and the third goal was to examine the effects of the extinction on genetic patterns punk rock today.

1161
02:41:45.000 --> 02:41:56.640
In order to achieve those goals I selected 11 species from crass holiday in order to form my in group and the species within the Ingrid represented time intervals before and after the boundary.

1162
02:41:57.270 --> 02:42:10.410
Next, I chose three species of a star today to form my our group and using the 14 species I created a 5454 character data matrix that had characters describing the roof illogical differences.

1163
02:42:10.740 --> 02:42:18.630
And some of these characters, including the external ornament the hinge and the outline, so the posterior anterior and ventral margins.

1164
02:42:19.830 --> 02:42:31.890
Next analyses were conducted using power, which is a computational phylogenetic program and the analysis also included a branch inbound search branch inbound search with 1000 bootstrap replicates.

1165
02:42:34.170 --> 02:42:44.790
Initially power produced nine most parsimonious trees and when I applied a 50% majority rule consensus of the nine trees that resulted in the one tree, which you see here on the left.

1166
02:42:45.240 --> 02:42:54.030
And the numbers represent what number what percentage of those nine trees support that parent or that relationship, and so, if you look at.

1167
02:42:55.680 --> 02:43:06.660
If you, for example, if you look at bathroom Thomas le foremost and bathroom torrents protects us which i'm circling here with my cursor you can see that 78% of those nine trees, support this relationship.

1168
02:43:07.440 --> 02:43:15.000
So, if you look at the philosophy, a little bit closer i'd like to point out to please the first one, I like to point out, which i'm circling here.

1169
02:43:15.300 --> 02:43:27.450
Is what I call the bathroom Thomas played because three out of the four bathrooms species in this study descend from a common ancestor the next quarter, like to point out is the one above the bathroom is clean.

1170
02:43:28.470 --> 02:43:40.680
And when which this clade contains species from to general crass Intel and Betsy traumas and using that piece of information, we can infer that crass italianate as a whole is pair fanatic.

1171
02:43:41.970 --> 02:43:54.240
Using a strata graphic approach I all I took that tree, and please sit next to the time intervals, in which the red dashed line which i'm highlighting here with my cursor represents the KPMG boundary.

1172
02:43:54.540 --> 02:44:00.150
And the Cross is next and species indicates extinction and so you can see here that the bathroom is clean.

1173
02:44:01.500 --> 02:44:10.920
The bathroom is clean all species after the boundary unfortunately the clay that contains species from crash patella and bath and traumas terminate who right.

1174
02:44:12.060 --> 02:44:12.900
At the boundary.

1175
02:44:15.270 --> 02:44:20.490
So in conclusion, I found across fatality is paralytic and.

1176
02:44:20.940 --> 02:44:29.070
The bathroom is clean all descended from economy, a common ancestor and as we seated after the cretaceous period during mass extinction.

1177
02:44:29.340 --> 02:44:35.280
The Clean like contained craps which is from Chris tar and Bradley Thomas unfortunately terminated right at the boundary.

1178
02:44:36.210 --> 02:44:52.500
And in the future, I would like to implement a couple of new approaches and one of which being is to use a bayesian analysis, along with the parsimony analysis and by doing so, I would be able to compare the two approaches and see if there are any variations between the results.

1179
02:44:53.820 --> 02:45:04.410
Next, I would like to expand a species selection to include those from California, and I would also like to examine another most family that also occurred at the key vg boundary in order to see.

1180
02:45:04.860 --> 02:45:18.300
If there any similarities and phylogenetic patterns and evolutionary relationships between credibility and the future mosque family and with That being said, thank you and i'd be happy to take any questions.

1181
02:45:22.320 --> 02:45:31.740
Tom Tobin: cool, so we do have some time for questions if anyone has them i'm going to stop sharing because that allows me to see if there's questions, but I can pop that back up if we need to.

1182
02:45:33.180 --> 02:45:37.440
Tom Tobin: So if you have questions for me to pop in raise your hand or asking me in the chat.

1183
02:45:38.700 --> 02:45:39.180
Tom Tobin: yeah trish.

1184
02:45:40.050 --> 02:45:50.010
Patricia Kelley: Is there anything in the Atlantic coastal plain that you could look at I know Atlantic coast clients not nearly as good as the Gulf for this, but is there anything you could look at.

1185
02:45:50.910 --> 02:46:01.350
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): yeah, so there are actually species, so, while I was doing some some late, I was looking at the previous literature and everything, there are some species that go into New Jersey.

1186
02:46:01.740 --> 02:46:09.030
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): Because that's where the boundary between the quotations in the Paleo gene that's where I think I believe it goes into New Jersey and Maryland.

1187
02:46:09.660 --> 02:46:22.260
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): um I don't as of right now, have any specific like species or families, but I could definitely get back to you if you would like to you know send me a little like the podium with your email, I can totally look that up for you.

1188
02:46:22.590 --> 02:46:24.870
Patricia Kelley: yeah i'd be interested in hearing.

1189
02:46:25.080 --> 02:46:25.380
The great.

1190
02:46:26.400 --> 02:46:26.850
Thanks.

1191
02:46:29.040 --> 02:46:31.950
Tom Tobin: we've got time for another question or two, there are other.

1192
02:46:35.700 --> 02:46:39.870
John Fronimos: So, first of all thank you for really enjoyed that presentation and.

1193
02:46:41.010 --> 02:46:44.460
John Fronimos: it's curious to ask you, you had said at the beginning, I believe that there were.

1194
02:46:45.330 --> 02:47:00.120
John Fronimos: Three known tax that had survived through the paces Paleo gene event and it looked like in your phylogenetic there were a larger number of ghosts lineages that seem to extend through that and I was curious if you've looked at all in house phenomenon like that might.

1195
02:47:01.200 --> 02:47:11.850
John Fronimos: might play a role, and how we interpret the actual i'm magnitude of extinctions if we're not capturing those until we actually see the the father jack analysis.

1196
02:47:13.110 --> 02:47:27.780
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): Right that's a good question um so I i'm so the main the primary paper that I used was a monograph Cleveland when guard and she didn't mention that the fossil record was for crass intelligent wasn't as accurate.

1197
02:47:28.320 --> 02:47:35.100
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): And everything and so that may also play a role as to like why we see those ghosts lineages and everything.

1198
02:47:35.490 --> 02:47:42.690
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): I believe there would be, I believe, like looking at, if I were to expand on this more into the future, I would definitely look at is like the.

1199
02:47:43.470 --> 02:47:53.850
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): The mechanisms like as to why we see a wider variety, I don't have the answer right now, but that is definitely something I could I should definitely consider into taking this work forward.

1200
02:47:55.470 --> 02:47:56.820
Tom Tobin: have one question in the chat.

1201
02:47:57.900 --> 02:48:14.310
Tom Tobin: From dcc do you have do you have any feel for whether they're changing more slowly than other mollusks and then follow up their DNA changes very slowly, at least for main sequence jeans their number of crash crash intelligence in the EC limestone in the Carolina.

1202
02:48:16.170 --> 02:48:18.090
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): Right, so do you.

1203
02:48:20.190 --> 02:48:29.370
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): High that is a very good question that so unfortunately my city doesn't really focus on the DNA, like those specific DNA.

1204
02:48:30.420 --> 02:48:43.950
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): But however, as I said in my presentation, I would like to look at eight different mollusk family and and hopefully by looking at by comparing the differences or how the similarities, I could.

1205
02:48:45.300 --> 02:48:55.740
Rosemary Guardado (she/her): probably see if there are any, you know if there are any rapid changes between between the two so, but that is a very good question, and of course I don't have an answer for that as a right now.

1206
02:48:55.980 --> 02:49:00.300
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): If I can jump in and follow up I think dcc is David Campbell.

1207
02:49:01.230 --> 02:49:02.400
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): So, David I don't.

1208
02:49:02.760 --> 02:49:05.880
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Right now for rosemary's work she's really focused on.

1209
02:49:06.900 --> 02:49:20.310
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): The cretaceous and early paley gene material I don't think we've got enough of a time range to really answer your question, if you look at Lynn when guards monograph she hits a little more of the cretaceous than we have.

1210
02:49:21.900 --> 02:49:30.870
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): But probably not with enough of a timescale, to be able to get it your question it's it's definitely an interesting it's definitely an interesting question I had not realized that.

1211
02:49:31.140 --> 02:49:36.810
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): In terms of DNA they seem to be taking over more slowly, or you can do you mean relative to things like veneer ids are.

1212
02:49:38.610 --> 02:49:44.400
DCC: For say a penis there's hardly any difference between a star kids and crescent hill it's much less within CREST appellants.

1213
02:49:45.150 --> 02:49:52.260
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): gotcha and so that's and that's notably different than within binaries or pectin ids or Austrians or anything like that you know so.

1214
02:49:52.890 --> 02:49:56.370
DCC: they're going slow and DNA has this computer morphology because.

1215
02:49:57.090 --> 02:50:00.600
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): I will say that, historically, part of the issue.

1216
02:50:01.350 --> 02:50:08.250
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): You know, building off of what rachel's talk was, I think, part of the issue with crass intelligence, is there a bit of a waste basket genus.

1217
02:50:08.520 --> 02:50:16.530
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): And there's a lot of morphological variation so it's sort of interesting generally when you have a lot of morphological variation like, for example, Rosemary has see that the dosa.

1218
02:50:17.040 --> 02:50:19.980
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): And across its range, which goes, all the way up into the Atlantic.

1219
02:50:20.340 --> 02:50:35.310
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Coastal plain you've got incredible variation just in that single species and so usually with that you would you would think that you'd have some good morphological change strata graphically as well as geographically but I don't think we have information to get at rates yet.

1220
02:50:36.450 --> 02:50:40.590
Tom Tobin: After anything there because we're out of time, but y'all can keep chatting via the chat function or not.

1221
02:50:41.490 --> 02:50:50.670
Tom Tobin: Our next talk is going to be by lose echoes and we're kind of transitioning now with a good talk to transition us from our mesozoic part to our sentence like section of things.

1222
02:50:51.180 --> 02:50:57.510
Tom Tobin: And so we should be moving more or less than to the sentence oh it from here on out Luke can you share your screen.

1223
02:51:01.050 --> 02:51:03.180
Tom Tobin: Alright we're seeing.

1224
02:51:03.600 --> 02:51:06.060
Louis Zachos: your desk green screen i'm getting a turned on here.

1225
02:51:09.420 --> 02:51:09.780
Louis Zachos: Yet.

1226
02:51:10.980 --> 02:51:11.850
Tom Tobin: We are good to go.

1227
02:51:12.990 --> 02:51:13.410
Louis Zachos: Okay.

1228
02:51:15.930 --> 02:51:16.800
Louis Zachos: that's good Alina.

1229
02:51:18.030 --> 02:51:29.370
Louis Zachos: Or the order containing the sand dollars it's called the clip the asteroid is developed are divided into three different subgroups that clip yes to rena.

1230
02:51:30.210 --> 02:51:42.210
Louis Zachos: The language Nina in the scooter scooter Lino the scooter Lena are the ones we're going to focus on here because they contain a particular anatomical feature called a.

1231
02:51:44.520 --> 02:51:45.270
Excuse me here.

1232
02:51:46.950 --> 02:51:53.550
Louis Zachos: called a diverticulum or gregory's diverticulum and it's only known from this particular sand dollar group.

1233
02:51:54.990 --> 02:52:02.490
Louis Zachos: gregory's diverticulum was first described by Emily Ray Gregory in 1914 one of the early female biologists.

1234
02:52:03.090 --> 02:52:12.390
Louis Zachos: Is the sack like Oregon attached to the testing of the animal the diverticulum is shown here expands to fill the channels defined by the internal buttresses of the skeleton or test.

1235
02:52:13.080 --> 02:52:28.500
Louis Zachos: Their 10 radio lobes here label by letters and there are five interlace inner radio lobes numbered or label by numbers, while it's actually connected to the digestive tract right here, it is actually functionally separate from the intestine and stomach.

1236
02:52:30.870 --> 02:52:40.200
Louis Zachos: With the exception of the astro my PhD all living scooter California San dollars fill the diverticulum with heavy mineral grains that they derive from the substrate.

1237
02:52:41.430 --> 02:52:51.330
Louis Zachos: In most cases behaviors restricted to the juvenile forms before they reach sexual maturity, you can see, for this particular sequence of the northern San dollar contract, he has Parma.

1238
02:52:51.870 --> 02:52:57.660
Louis Zachos: That it reaches a maximum of somewhere around five millimeters in length, this is about a year, a year and a half an age.

1239
02:52:58.140 --> 02:53:04.470
Louis Zachos: Following that, over time, the animals as they grow into adulthood and sexual maturity lose much of their.

1240
02:53:05.370 --> 02:53:20.040
Louis Zachos: eventually lose all of the diverticulum and they managed to to eliminate the heavy mineral grains from their bodies, they have you mineral content makes it unnecessary to dissect these little sand dollars to examine the variability and timing and degree of development.

1241
02:53:21.270 --> 02:53:27.990
Louis Zachos: We can focus a bright light through the specimens immersed in alcohol and reveals the diverticulum and it's heavy mineral contents.

1242
02:53:28.320 --> 02:53:32.370
Louis Zachos: We unfortunately can't do this with fossils, but we have other methods we can use for the fossils.

1243
02:53:33.210 --> 02:53:43.860
Louis Zachos: This confirms another one of the interesting aspects of the green filling behavior the animal, not only do they somehow selectively fill the diverticulum with sand grains they're also able to unfilled it.

1244
02:53:44.340 --> 02:53:50.220
Louis Zachos: So this implies some form of a pair of static activity in the diverticulum that works in both directions and it's still.

1245
02:53:50.820 --> 02:54:00.240
Louis Zachos: Pretty unknown exactly how this works, the diverticulum tissues we've dissected tissues that do not appear to be muscle tissue so we're not really sure how they do this.

1246
02:54:01.530 --> 02:54:11.130
Louis Zachos: While the behavior filling the diverticulum was saying is itself isn't itself unusual the sand dollars are also very, very selective in the types of grains they retained in the diverticulum.

1247
02:54:11.940 --> 02:54:18.510
Louis Zachos: here's an example from a juvenile and Kofi Michelin I collected a great beach on the Gulf coast of Florida.

1248
02:54:19.500 --> 02:54:26.250
Louis Zachos: 80% of the grains inside the animal inside the diverticulum are heavy minerals and are almost entirely eliminated zero con.

1249
02:54:27.150 --> 02:54:36.720
Louis Zachos: Heavy minerals themselves makeup less than 1% of the substrate that these animals are found in which is nearly all courts and so their selectivity is is orders of magnitude.

1250
02:54:37.800 --> 02:54:39.720
Louis Zachos: Over and above which we find the substrate.

1251
02:54:40.860 --> 02:54:47.700
Louis Zachos: An open question is when did gregory's diverticulum originating scutaro form sand dollars and that's basically, what I want to talk about today.

1252
02:54:48.630 --> 02:54:52.500
Louis Zachos: The earliest known Stella forms are in the family produce produce fatality.

1253
02:54:53.220 --> 02:55:00.810
Louis Zachos: There are 15 formally described species or subspecies of produce good talents in three general, we have here another one of the species problems so.

1254
02:55:01.410 --> 02:55:12.180
Louis Zachos: Probably over divided certainly over divided and for the purposes of this talk, I will consolidate this taxonomy by reference to three individual influential in monochromatic claims.

1255
02:55:12.630 --> 02:55:23.790
Louis Zachos: These are indicated by the bold names above the tax and the list here, so the three plays or produce nutella Mississippi insists that produce good Tele Conrad I played in a periodic is likely.

1256
02:55:24.870 --> 02:55:33.630
Louis Zachos: Three profiles on the on the Left i'm sorry that the images on the Left show pictures of these three major elements of these three clouds and on the right.

1257
02:55:34.170 --> 02:55:46.650
Louis Zachos: profiles of in this case Perry arcas lie lie that shows some of the range of profiles that we see in the specimens and a lot of this distinction and species has to do with the subtle changes in profile.

1258
02:55:48.870 --> 02:55:58.470
Louis Zachos: The key ancestral character of all the pros who tells is the presence of five genital pores you see an example here this the central apex you can see, the five pores are.

1259
02:55:58.860 --> 02:56:07.560
Louis Zachos: By genital pores, these are all associated with individual gonads this implies the ancestral condition of Oscar tell the forms is five genital pores.

1260
02:56:08.220 --> 02:56:13.890
Louis Zachos: The genius ios nutella, which is a Pacific warm was contemporaneous with him closely related to produce nutella.

1261
02:56:14.370 --> 02:56:21.870
Louis Zachos: Both general are characterized by asymmetric growth in which the place in the posture a lateral inner ramble agra are inflated to some degree.

1262
02:56:22.230 --> 02:56:28.590
Louis Zachos: And this results in a test with this greater than the length and generally something of a triangular type outline.

1263
02:56:29.580 --> 02:56:39.300
Louis Zachos: This this character also appears to be pleased the morphic so ios patella however differs by the development of some defaecating food groups, so a little bit different structure on the world side.

1264
02:56:40.530 --> 02:56:52.470
Louis Zachos: The protests could tell them Mississippi and says clade retains these please the morphic characters, whereas the p Conrad I clade is characterized by equal Axial growth, for which the test length is always greater than or equal to with.

1265
02:56:53.130 --> 02:57:01.500
Louis Zachos: The very darkest lie lie clade is characterized additionally by bifurcation of the food groups, but this is a different pattern than the bifurcation we see an ios can tell.

1266
02:57:05.130 --> 02:57:12.450
Louis Zachos: US could tell and produce nutella both occur and roxanne middle etc and age enter the earliest occurrence of sand dollars in the western hemisphere.

1267
02:57:13.290 --> 02:57:21.750
Louis Zachos: The earliest known clippy asteroid economic goods or paleocene age and they're found in Africa, and this is the presumed source of all the ancestral sand dollars.

1268
02:57:24.450 --> 02:57:34.200
Louis Zachos: While likely derived from a common ancestor ios nutella and produce nutella appear to represent and distinct lineages that became endemic to the Pacific and the Atlantic coast respectively.

1269
02:57:36.930 --> 02:57:47.040
Louis Zachos: We don't have any real evidence along Pacific coast of South America, but they're used to tell a may have also migrating southward after passing through the Panama straits.

1270
02:57:48.660 --> 02:57:58.320
Louis Zachos: practice could tell his range in age from the Middle East, seen through the late using and when extinct at the close of that you've seen or just before the closer that you see.

1271
02:57:59.190 --> 02:58:14.700
Louis Zachos: While practice go tell a Mississippi insists in the pros patella Conrad I claims appeared be contemporaneous impart the three plates have very distinct chronological ranges geographically, however, the claims are distributed across the Gulf of Mexico and southern Atlantic coastal planes.

1272
02:58:16.650 --> 02:58:31.050
Louis Zachos: To produce nutella Mississippi instance clade was widely distributed and reached high density that many localities it is found in fine grain locking it extends laconic limestone and course sandy by a classic lifestyles somewhat very geographically.

1273
02:58:33.990 --> 02:58:39.930
Louis Zachos: The proto scoot telecom read I played with similarly distributed, but it relatively low density is that most localities.

1274
02:58:40.470 --> 02:58:49.410
Louis Zachos: is also found in fine grain locking it expands glock in inclined stones and course by a classic limestone so these were not very specific to.

1275
02:58:50.100 --> 02:59:05.610
Louis Zachos: substrate faces the Perry arcas lie lie clade was both abundant and widely distributed reaching very high densities many localities, it is also found in fine grain locking it extends curious court sands or morals and hi purity by a classic limestone.

1276
02:59:08.460 --> 02:59:20.160
Louis Zachos: Studies of the oldest produce good tell us in this in the species protocol nutella mississippians is found that one most fossils contain settlement internally, they do not have a significant heavy mineral component.

1277
02:59:21.060 --> 02:59:26.520
Louis Zachos: Many specimens are filled in part with glock and I pellets but not any greater concentration that we find in the substrate.

1278
02:59:27.060 --> 02:59:35.910
Louis Zachos: These pellets are often whether to form iron oxide, which can cause diffuse opaque patterns and X rays, and this is seen in the CT slice here on the left or the.

1279
02:59:36.210 --> 02:59:42.480
Louis Zachos: The bright spots appear to be bright heavy minerals, but they're really just a precipitous of arm oxide some hematite Lima night.

1280
02:59:46.740 --> 02:59:52.650
Louis Zachos: juveniles of these two clegg's the p Mississippi assists in the pros patella Conrad I glades.

1281
02:59:53.520 --> 03:00:00.900
Louis Zachos: juveniles ranging between five and 10 millimeters in length and neither case do they show any retention of heavy mineral fractions.

1282
03:00:01.440 --> 03:00:13.380
Louis Zachos: The opaque areas and these X Ray images are just a result of iron oxide precipitation probably from degraded glock nights in some cases, we can see some of the patterns or structures inside, in some cases where you can see the internal.

1283
03:00:14.760 --> 03:00:19.440
Louis Zachos: The joy apparatus, so we can see into them they don't appear to be any heavy minerals at all.

1284
03:00:21.360 --> 03:00:30.330
Louis Zachos: So where should we find try to find some of these heavy minerals, many of the pros produce could tell is particularly in the periodic is lie lie clade are found in carbonate or carbonate rich sediments.

1285
03:00:30.630 --> 03:00:35.190
Louis Zachos: So the first question asked us whether or not these carbonate rich sediments even contain heavy minerals.

1286
03:00:35.880 --> 03:00:39.720
Louis Zachos: So we look at all the different faces that we find these the sand dollars in.

1287
03:00:40.470 --> 03:00:48.690
Louis Zachos: The cocoa sand and the as information that should Buddha Mississippi and Clark county Mississippi is very court sandy it has a significant heavy mineral component.

1288
03:00:49.020 --> 03:01:00.210
Louis Zachos: We see this in the image here in the upper right for this is a heavy mineral extract from the cocoa San we see Dilma night a little bit of magnetite and there's some crystals here of zircons and probably some routine as well.

1289
03:01:01.110 --> 03:01:10.020
Louis Zachos: The glock and I read rich settlements that we find in the movies branch formation are represented by this sample from to shove, a creek and yazoo county Mississippi.

1290
03:01:10.500 --> 03:01:16.260
Louis Zachos: And it has a minor fraction of court Sam maybe up to 5% courts and but a very small fraction of heavy minerals.

1291
03:01:16.770 --> 03:01:22.650
Louis Zachos: The relatively pure carbonates on such as this, found in the coachella limestone and perry Georgia or what we find in Florida.

1292
03:01:23.280 --> 03:01:30.120
Louis Zachos: have less than 2% court sand and essentially no heavy minerals whatsoever, so we wanted to focus on the cocoa San.

1293
03:01:30.540 --> 03:01:36.840
Louis Zachos: As the most likely environment where we might find where these guys were selecting and retaining heavy minerals.

1294
03:01:37.530 --> 03:01:45.990
Louis Zachos: And advantages, the localities around the shoe Buddha also contain abundant and well preserved juvenile periodic Li Li and they're very easy to remove from the cocoa sand so.

1295
03:01:46.560 --> 03:01:53.520
Louis Zachos: Everything was kind of a positive really thought I was going to find a heavy minerals and these guys everything pointed us what we find.

1296
03:01:54.600 --> 03:02:01.380
Louis Zachos: A small periodic is lie lie all pre sexual maturity reveal very well developed internal buttressing but no heavy minerals.

1297
03:02:02.130 --> 03:02:10.680
Louis Zachos: The image here in the upper left is just a photograph or a surface of one of these specimens you can see sand grains inside so they're definitely retaining.

1298
03:02:11.130 --> 03:02:15.960
Louis Zachos: A sand grains of the size, we would see and modern sand dollars modern juveniles.

1299
03:02:16.890 --> 03:02:29.250
Louis Zachos: And then below here is a 3D reconstruction from CT scans showing the well developed internal structure of buttresses and here we can see some some fragments of the earth aristotle's land and preserved as well.

1300
03:02:30.660 --> 03:02:38.430
Louis Zachos: Remaining images or slices from CT computed tomography scans up a row specimens have a few heavy mineral grains some dark spots.

1301
03:02:39.000 --> 03:02:50.730
Louis Zachos: But do not retain any of the aristotle's lantern and that implies that all the settlement is post mortem the lower row assessments do retain aristotle's land or, in some cases, almost in place but few, if any, heavy mineral grains.

1302
03:02:51.960 --> 03:02:58.260
Louis Zachos: Even in the very smallest specimens less than five millimeters in length we they fail to show any selective retention of heavy minerals.

1303
03:02:58.530 --> 03:03:06.750
Louis Zachos: You see a few heavy mineral grains spots these white spots in the specimen here but they're not in the correct size range nor in the correct concentration that we would expect.

1304
03:03:07.260 --> 03:03:21.330
Louis Zachos: So, after an exhaustive study of the specimens no evidence has found for selective retention of heavy minerals in any produce cattelan sand dollars, while a negative conclusion appears the earliest ucs patella form sand dollars did not have a particular.

1305
03:03:22.410 --> 03:03:33.510
Louis Zachos: Or at least didn't show any heavy mineral retention, the oldest form which you do have evidence is cutie mark menses and the lower miocene or possibly layer latest legacy deposits of Pacific Northwest.

1306
03:03:34.320 --> 03:03:43.890
Louis Zachos: If indeed the person who stella's sorry it produce could tell us did not have a diverticulum could that clarify the final genetic relationships among this nutella form sand dollars.

1307
03:03:44.550 --> 03:03:55.830
Louis Zachos: If so, any hypothesis must account for the fact that all modern school tell the forums, except for the Eastern hemisphere aster clients have a different to have a different curriculum and selectively fill it with heavy minerals.

1308
03:03:56.550 --> 03:04:04.860
Louis Zachos: All modern school tella forums, except for the genius in copy have only for genital pores and only an coby retains the please E of morphic five gentle poor character.

1309
03:04:05.850 --> 03:04:17.280
Louis Zachos: The different curriculum is found in key we have from the lower miocene so I had to occur at least by that time and the sand dollars or Lou newell's often called keyhole urgency because the openings in the test appear to comprise a masterful at a group.

1310
03:04:18.660 --> 03:04:26.580
Louis Zachos: So we come up with this hypothesis of characters based on these characters and rather than hypothesizing that the indo-pacific as her clipboards.

1311
03:04:27.180 --> 03:04:35.580
Louis Zachos: lost the gregory's diverticulum we we hypothesis hypothesized that never had it, so this is essentially derived directly from the stem group.

1312
03:04:36.090 --> 03:04:46.230
Louis Zachos: Rather than hypothesizing incur up here last are regained fourth gen poor and then the associated gonads we hypothesize yeah the lineages last that poor.

1313
03:04:46.620 --> 03:04:55.080
Louis Zachos: And we hypothesize the presence of Gregor Gregory diverticulum originated in the ancestor some ancestor of all the western hemisphere could telephone exclude telephones.

1314
03:04:56.640 --> 03:05:03.660
Louis Zachos: This resulting philology accounts for these characters and can help resolve some of the mysteries and file a geography of these telephone sand dollars.

1315
03:05:05.820 --> 03:05:08.220
Louis Zachos: As noted earlier, the first sand dollars appear to have.

1316
03:05:09.720 --> 03:05:15.690
Louis Zachos: Our first sand dollars, no in the western hemisphere period of the Open Source from Africa sometime in the middle, etc.

1317
03:05:16.290 --> 03:05:28.050
Louis Zachos: And they separated into into endemic groups that use hotels in the Pacific side and produce fruit salads on the Atlantic side, and they must have migrated through the Panama straits to separate these two groups.

1318
03:05:30.060 --> 03:05:42.960
Louis Zachos: By the lady who seen us nutella appears to become extinct in the north Pacific region, but does occur now and the Atlantic coast of Argentina, so it must have migrated most likely down the Pacific coast of South America.

1319
03:05:44.220 --> 03:05:48.630
Louis Zachos: At same time to produce good tell us have reached their acne in their distribution in North America.

1320
03:05:50.040 --> 03:05:59.850
Louis Zachos: By the legacy in the persecuted sand dollars become extinct the replaced in North America by the clip the asterisks and dollars clip yesterday and their forms which lack a diverticulum.

1321
03:06:00.510 --> 03:06:06.930
Louis Zachos: A new group it's good to tell the forums represented by hearing GL develops here in South America, probably derived from us nutella.

1322
03:06:08.490 --> 03:06:24.060
Louis Zachos: And there is we do find a few fragments from the legacy in a Puerto Rico that we can attribute to ever tell us so it's a group that's very closely related to inherent yellow and this is indicative of now migration up the Atlantic coast of South America.

1323
03:06:25.920 --> 03:06:36.840
Louis Zachos: By the miocene screw tell us and dollars reappear in North America and Cuba, from the lowest lower most miocene Oregon is shown to have segregated heavy minerals and that's as soon as possess it diverticulum.

1324
03:06:37.290 --> 03:06:43.530
Louis Zachos: So the different curriculum appears to have first originating somewhere in this West Coast group of of sand dollars.

1325
03:06:43.980 --> 03:06:55.830
Louis Zachos: The extent genus in copious also known to have a diverticulum for modern forums, most notably the first species of and copia appearing Western North America that are found in the latest miocene and deposits in eastern North America.

1326
03:06:57.030 --> 03:07:04.050
Louis Zachos: Ever tella which we found earlier, possibly in Puerto Rico now becomes widespread in the Atlantic and Caribbean coast of North and South America.

1327
03:07:04.350 --> 03:07:14.910
Louis Zachos: it's unknown, whether or not ever tell ahead to diverticulum we have never found the juveniles and it's unlikely any adult forms were to retain the grains that we're looking for so that's still an open question.

1328
03:07:16.260 --> 03:07:25.020
Louis Zachos: By the pliocene advertiser lineage becomes extinct in both North and South America, the extent genus Molina, which is the common sand dollar we find on the Gulf coast beaches.

1329
03:07:25.500 --> 03:07:28.530
Louis Zachos: Is abundant Eastern North America, where it appears to have originated.

1330
03:07:29.310 --> 03:07:39.180
Louis Zachos: Since melita and the Dr gina general are also founded the Pacific coast, it must have migrated before the formation of the isthmus of Panama probably sometime in the early pliocene.

1331
03:07:40.110 --> 03:07:49.440
Louis Zachos: ECON directness a Boreal species migrated across the Northwest Passage or evidence chosen migrated across the north passage into the Atlantic from the north Pacific.

1332
03:07:52.800 --> 03:08:02.280
Louis Zachos: The formation it's a Panama isolated, most of the skill of school tell a foreign foreigners and a glacial ice caps of the pleistocene effectively isolated the Atlantic population and he.

1333
03:08:02.670 --> 03:08:10.110
Louis Zachos: He kind of wrapped me us from the Pacific populations with these changes, the distribution of the storyteller forms took home a distinctly modern look.

1334
03:08:10.860 --> 03:08:20.250
Louis Zachos: The post pie seems been characterized by migration and school tella forms from the equatorial regions towards the Poles, as well as a westward in Southwestern migration in the Northwest and West Pacific.

1335
03:08:20.790 --> 03:08:35.730
Louis Zachos: You kind of acne is today known from the Arctic Ocean off of Alaska from the Northwest territories and the Hudson Bay in Northern Canada and reported occurrences in northern Siberia and is considered to be at least semi polar or possibly large part similar or circumpolar.

1336
03:08:37.530 --> 03:08:49.980
Louis Zachos: And to kind of conclude here this nutella form sand dollars are successful modern group of economics and it would appear that possession of the diverticulum and behavior this selected heavy mineral sequestration at a major role in this success.

1337
03:08:50.970 --> 03:08:58.680
Louis Zachos: And I would just like to thank these people and institutions that help with this relatively long term study been working to this about 10 years now.

1338
03:09:00.210 --> 03:09:03.450
Louis Zachos: and close to that and there's any time for questions, be happy to take a question.

1339
03:09:04.980 --> 03:09:09.300
Tom Tobin: Well, thanks for that talk we've got maybe a minute for a quick question if anyone's got one.

1340
03:09:18.510 --> 03:09:18.900
Tom Tobin: Well let's.

1341
03:09:20.340 --> 03:09:22.440
Tom Tobin: cue up the next top.

1342
03:09:23.160 --> 03:09:25.170
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): and ask one quick question, while you're queuing it up.

1343
03:09:25.350 --> 03:09:30.690
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Please do haley That was really interesting thanks for sharing it in terms of the modern.

1344
03:09:32.370 --> 03:09:46.770
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): I could noise, when does this does this behavior basically happen as soon as they settle in terms of heavy mineral sort of sequestration, does that happen throughout their entire ontogeny or when they reach adulthood what's the ontogeny look like.

1345
03:09:47.280 --> 03:09:57.990
Louis Zachos: It begins as soon as they settle i've collected a movie in modern forums i'm only focused on ECON directness Parma off the coast of maine Bay of fundy.

1346
03:09:58.800 --> 03:10:09.270
Louis Zachos: If I specimens that are down at one millimeter in size and it just started to pick up the grains they seem to reach the maximum at around five millimeter length, which they occur in about one years age.

1347
03:10:09.750 --> 03:10:23.100
Louis Zachos: And after that they they may retain those and they're growing bigger, so I don't know that they actually released the minerals, but by time they're around 15 to 20 millimeters in size in many specimens that.

1348
03:10:23.790 --> 03:10:35.580
Louis Zachos: They have no mineral grains in them whatsoever and the organs completely resolved certainly by time to reach sexual maturity all the spaces filled in with gonads, and all this is completely gone got it all right.

1349
03:10:35.610 --> 03:10:36.330
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Thanks very much.

1350
03:10:36.930 --> 03:10:40.710
Tom Tobin: awesome Thank you alright, so our next talk is going to be from.

1351
03:10:40.920 --> 03:10:42.810
Tom Tobin: David Campbell who has the unique.

1352
03:10:44.070 --> 03:10:50.430
Tom Tobin: position of being the only person who got on top of their stuff early enough to record their talk and send it in so i'm going to be playing a video from.

1353
03:10:51.000 --> 03:10:59.070
Tom Tobin: My computer, so let me know if there's any audio issues and we can pause and figure those things out but it be tested earlier and I think you should work fine.

1354
03:11:00.270 --> 03:11:02.460
Tom Tobin: So let me get that going.

1355
03:11:05.910 --> 03:11:07.380
Tom Tobin: be able to see the video now.

1356
03:11:09.420 --> 03:11:13.200
Tom Tobin: turn up the sound a little bit and go.

1357
03:11:16.350 --> 03:11:16.800
Thank you.

1358
03:11:22.980 --> 03:11:33.900
sense, and so the potential problems and hopefully your way forward to dealing with this emphasizing data from coastal plain here in the carolinas but.

1359
03:11:34.980 --> 03:11:36.750
Looking at other examples as well.

1360
03:11:41.700 --> 03:11:51.390
Increasingly analyses relate to theological Dana rely on large online day sense often aggregate from a variety of sources.

1361
03:11:54.720 --> 03:12:07.590
Saying looking at the evolutionary trends within a group or across texts parents say of extinction Origination global comparisons different regions.

1362
03:12:08.310 --> 03:12:16.860
very widely used in the calibration of molecular clock now scenes, but there are a number of potential problems that need to be taken into account.

1363
03:12:19.470 --> 03:12:37.080
When it's just the basic identity of the database is it trying to uncritically compile all available data, and let the user decide what's actually reliable out event, or is it doing the critical analysis itself making corrections and updates.

1364
03:12:39.960 --> 03:12:45.060
Also, where does it stand is this a work in progress.

1365
03:12:46.440 --> 03:12:48.600
Or is it considered to be relatively complete.

1366
03:12:50.070 --> 03:12:57.990
This information needs to be it if I clearly for a particular database, so that the user knows what to think about the information there.

1367
03:12:59.580 --> 03:13:10.380
Even uncritical compilation requires knowledge workers to not make new mistakes as they're putting the compilation together and.

1368
03:13:11.430 --> 03:13:16.350
Also to new what are key places to find data, whether it's published or unpublished.

1369
03:13:17.670 --> 03:13:29.400
course if you're doing a critical assessment, then you need a lot more knowledge input to make those judgments and identify what's incorrect what is sound.

1370
03:13:32.220 --> 03:13:34.290
How complete are the databases.

1371
03:13:35.460 --> 03:13:42.720
there's still quite a lot of publications and have not made their way into the current online databases.

1372
03:13:44.550 --> 03:13:58.920
And then there's all the unpublished material I studied by marcia all found that quite a lot of West Coast soon as local account he's had not been document in the published literature, but were found in museum collections, for example.

1373
03:14:01.050 --> 03:14:19.230
berlet all likewise highlight the challenges, due to the limits of the databases and advocate that any analysis should consult with a paleontologist to assess the data before assuming that you can just go on with the analysis.

1374
03:14:20.430 --> 03:14:41.550
On my clients, we find a number of gaps from our own work homered brand is the major compilation of miles from the piano gene in eastern us and they have close to 3000 texts in there, but under 400 and a half, so far i've been entered into Paleo by date.

1375
03:14:42.570 --> 03:14:56.310
Paleo biology database as being in Palmer in brain now it's not the Paleo biology databases basically bad it's the main database that there is so a lobbyist focuses on it.

1376
03:15:00.780 --> 03:15:05.760
Another example on level of documentation walk them off formation.

1377
03:15:06.900 --> 03:15:13.260
pleistocene in North and South Carolina we've been intensively sampling it and.

1378
03:15:14.670 --> 03:15:16.140
Biology database has.

1379
03:15:17.880 --> 03:15:20.970
300 some species of mouse reporting.

1380
03:15:23.550 --> 03:15:24.480
Published records.

1381
03:15:26.250 --> 03:15:43.830
nearly double the total number of miles and have significantly more in some groups when we add in unpublished collections, the number grows much farther not surprisingly, the micro species tend to be particularly under represented.

1382
03:15:45.480 --> 03:15:49.680
In publications and in existing collections.

1383
03:15:53.760 --> 03:15:54.900
Are the records accurate.

1384
03:15:56.040 --> 03:16:10.080
There are a number of different types of areas that may occur and again looking closely at welcome all records refined that we have on the order of 30 to 40% errors in the databases that we examined.

1385
03:16:11.310 --> 03:16:18.900
There, a variety of different possible types of air behind this some of these are pretty straightforward to handle others, there are a couple of weird.

1386
03:16:19.920 --> 03:16:21.420
We don't know what this is supposed to be.

1387
03:16:26.970 --> 03:16:28.920
One particular source of confusion.

1388
03:16:30.540 --> 03:16:31.320
homonyms.

1389
03:16:33.720 --> 03:16:42.960
computer programs tend to assume that a name that apparently matches another must be the same thing and not necessarily.

1390
03:16:44.100 --> 03:16:51.780
And so we have confusion of things have very different ages defined as supposedly the same.

1391
03:16:53.010 --> 03:16:56.040
or from opposite parts of the world.

1392
03:16:59.850 --> 03:17:07.350
And, in some cases, these errors have lend to wrong calibrations for example of molecular clock papers.

1393
03:17:11.580 --> 03:17:12.720
Another example.

1394
03:17:14.130 --> 03:17:15.330
My entire life.

1395
03:17:18.420 --> 03:17:29.700
And secondly, if life has range maps for based species does not recognize that they are homonyms and being a problem and the reins maps are swapped.

1396
03:17:31.410 --> 03:17:32.160
discover life.

1397
03:17:33.840 --> 03:17:41.820
picture here is an actual cash pod graphics and that's what discover life says it looks like Well that is graph us but it's the lichen not the gastropods.

1398
03:17:46.170 --> 03:17:50.550
One specific problem in Paleo biology database is that a lot of data.

1399
03:17:51.750 --> 03:17:54.000
have been injured relatively generically.

1400
03:17:55.020 --> 03:17:57.930
But that has been treated as an actual.

1401
03:17:59.100 --> 03:18:02.070
valid rank rather than an uncertainty.

1402
03:18:03.300 --> 03:18:09.300
For example, a number of things are listed as just guessed Dakota no more specific so just apologize for day.

1403
03:18:10.740 --> 03:18:11.430
and

1404
03:18:12.720 --> 03:18:19.890
Some of those are appeals, please he owns it actually should be just generic guest upon apologia day is very much not it is.

1405
03:18:21.000 --> 03:18:22.560
A modern.

1406
03:18:24.360 --> 03:18:33.060
Land snail quite derived within guests ricotta and should not be, this is a sister texts on, of the other things and listen only as cast ricotta.

1407
03:18:36.090 --> 03:18:41.490
lt information from all publications and labels is another potential significant problem.

1408
03:18:47.100 --> 03:19:06.030
Recent things have often been described before the fossils in so especially going back before that later 1800 and too often see the recent genius or family name being applied to much older things, maybe aren't even too closely related.

1409
03:19:07.470 --> 03:19:09.060
As an extreme case carpe diem.

1410
03:19:10.650 --> 03:19:20.970
crew carpe diem is nia gene eastern Atlantic, but it is listed in Pillar by database has going back to the automation.

1411
03:19:22.080 --> 03:19:29.340
g beef goes further defines the automation record as a synonym of a recent species know it's a homonym not a synonym.

1412
03:19:30.390 --> 03:19:36.630
The automation when it's actually your roster, not even a bivalve and certainly not closely related to Korean.

1413
03:19:37.770 --> 03:19:42.480
And that has been used in and watch a clock calibration that i've seen.

1414
03:19:44.040 --> 03:19:45.750
pectin scallop another.

1415
03:19:47.250 --> 03:19:53.760
example of name that's been us wastebasket far beyond their we arrange.

1416
03:19:57.750 --> 03:20:08.790
Sometimes in your mind publication may throw in some old data for completion that needs to be recognized that such and not treated as a modern update.

1417
03:20:12.420 --> 03:20:13.440
stratigraphy.

1418
03:20:15.240 --> 03:20:26.310
With the development of extensive use of playing time micro fossils we had greatly improved calibration of the correlations between continents.

1419
03:20:26.910 --> 03:20:40.110
which show that the traditional upper miocene of the southeastern us was actually pliocene but that's been 50 years and you still see sources, including some of the online databases that are supposedly up to date.

1420
03:20:41.130 --> 03:20:43.440
Calling these things missing rather than pliocene.

1421
03:20:45.450 --> 03:21:04.320
Sometimes there's been incorrect parsing of a source text, for example, the genius assignments in Campbell 1995 on the city limestone funnel have been attributed in some cases to the author of the original species, not to kimball.

1422
03:21:05.940 --> 03:21:24.930
This is the odd one Conference, because they use a genius name described in 1930 when counted written 1833 or listing subspecies as being described by the author of the species.

1423
03:21:29.310 --> 03:21:32.700
Having appropriate accountability is often a challenge.

1424
03:21:34.980 --> 03:21:48.000
making things reliable requires checking by natural workers but they've got their own things to do, commonly what's going to happen is somebody is trying to look up one particular thing happens on a database record and that's wrong.

1425
03:21:49.410 --> 03:21:57.510
not going to have time to go through and do a lot about it, but if they can send a quick message flagging this thing you need to fix this.

1426
03:21:58.680 --> 03:22:04.260
Then, that information has been conveyed to the database and they're able to do something about it.

1427
03:22:06.390 --> 03:22:14.220
A lot of databases, do not have any convenient way to report, a problem you have to hunt around and sometimes you don't find anything.

1428
03:22:16.380 --> 03:22:18.360
And when something is reporting.

1429
03:22:19.770 --> 03:22:25.200
There may not be anybody doing anything about it, it can be very slow.

1430
03:22:27.210 --> 03:22:39.600
it's possible to do things better worms is a good example major database that has quite good responsiveness it's not hard to find the address to send in something and they respond quickly to it.

1431
03:22:42.510 --> 03:22:47.820
Another aspect of accountability is who's responsible when things have been aggregated.

1432
03:22:49.050 --> 03:22:55.470
And big databases that draws on others and.

1433
03:22:58.560 --> 03:23:02.340
When you out there's a problem, and sometimes they say oh go bother them.

1434
03:23:03.870 --> 03:23:16.770
At all one to do that, you have to actually figure out how to track down what the source was which is not always so obvious, and if you take that much trouble.

1435
03:23:18.390 --> 03:23:26.520
Sometimes, what you find is the source was perfectly fine it's the big guy aggregating that made the mistake wrongly putting things together.

1436
03:23:31.080 --> 03:23:33.330
So what are these problems serious.

1437
03:23:34.440 --> 03:23:39.630
Well, it depends on what you're doing with the data and it's going to be variation different.

1438
03:23:41.100 --> 03:23:45.840
Tax a different localities have different degrees of problems.

1439
03:23:47.460 --> 03:23:59.010
These areas are often going to be outliers now if you watch out for outliers, then you can potentially identify what suspect and have.

1440
03:24:00.120 --> 03:24:02.370
Improved data to work with.

1441
03:24:03.690 --> 03:24:08.940
But if you're relying on something that reports, the extremes, as the total.

1442
03:24:10.200 --> 03:24:11.010
You may be in trouble.

1443
03:24:13.890 --> 03:24:22.200
For example, much like your clock typically what they're doing is what is the oldest age for tax on X.

1444
03:24:23.700 --> 03:24:43.200
And stanton POPs, and all this page and go off and use it in the other actually tracking down and finding out whether that's a sound record yeah the oldest ages often some wastebasket name from 100 years from 200 years ago and.

1445
03:24:44.550 --> 03:24:46.530
not actually at all reliable.

1446
03:24:51.840 --> 03:24:52.860
What can we do about this.

1447
03:24:56.160 --> 03:25:03.750
Building reliable data will require support for the expertise necessary to make sure that information is credible.

1448
03:25:07.020 --> 03:25:16.200
and similarly in funding, often what's been done is here's money for projects to come up with cool things can figure out based on these data.

1449
03:25:18.240 --> 03:25:25.770
But there's no funding for checking if the data are good enough to bother doing all these analyses with.

1450
03:25:26.970 --> 03:25:36.570
So there definitely needs to be better distribution of support to go for the generation in verification of these data.

1451
03:25:37.620 --> 03:25:38.580
Not just.

1452
03:25:39.750 --> 03:25:41.940
Using databases assuming everything's good.

1453
03:25:43.500 --> 03:25:48.900
I likewise needs to be clear responsibility for the corrections and updates having.

1454
03:25:51.030 --> 03:25:56.670
Things in charge what database is handling what and how does it interact between different sources.

1455
03:25:59.400 --> 03:26:03.630
To go back to the question of who might be afraid of bad big data.

1456
03:26:04.980 --> 03:26:15.240
If we make these types of improvements, we can make sure that our databases are full of hot air and the future state out of hot water, thank you.

1457
03:26:16.710 --> 03:26:19.890
Here are some of the being references cited.

1458
03:26:28.230 --> 03:26:30.660
Tom Tobin: awesome, thank you for that talk David that was great.

1459
03:26:32.610 --> 03:26:36.420
Tom Tobin: We do have a couple minutes for questions.

1460
03:26:37.980 --> 03:26:39.990
Tom Tobin: There are a couple in the chat.

1461
03:26:45.090 --> 03:26:52.230
Tom Tobin: So rowan asked, have you thought about simply fixing these errors and databases yourself, most of these databases are based on Community members, improving the accuracy of the data.

1462
03:26:55.080 --> 03:27:08.130
DCC: So that's definitely an important component of how you do things things can sometimes it's pretty straightforward sometimes it's not so easy there's also the challenge of well.

1463
03:27:09.960 --> 03:27:17.340
DCC: And, in the midst of trying to do a lot of other things don't really have time to go through this systematically.

1464
03:27:18.510 --> 03:27:20.940
DCC: If there were some way of saying hey here's an issue.

1465
03:27:22.140 --> 03:27:30.480
DCC: Then, that can be on the list if there's somebody at the other end been respond to it so it's definitely something be interested in.

1466
03:27:32.340 --> 03:27:41.820
DCC: going to find time for a challenge for all of us doing anything as an issue there and also helping fan bases, make it easier.

1467
03:27:42.720 --> 03:27:54.360
DCC: To do this, obviously you don't want the just anybody changes anything but, having an easy way to input something, and hopefully have the back and forth to check it and work on it.

1468
03:27:55.920 --> 03:27:57.840
DCC: Also, again, it depends how you're using it.

1469
03:27:59.700 --> 03:28:04.770
DCC: kind of paying attention, not just uncritically assume everything's great.

1470
03:28:06.600 --> 03:28:14.340
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): And I think if you're interested and David there paleontology database they they obviously don't have the staffing or the funding to be able to.

1471
03:28:15.780 --> 03:28:25.080
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): You know fix these errors of themselves, but they could assign you with a partner and that partner can walk you through the process, they they've simplified the process for fixing data.

1472
03:28:25.500 --> 03:28:34.200
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): it's now super teachable to undergrads and master students, so I feel with a partner, you know it should be relatively straightforward to go in there and and and make some of those adjustments.

1473
03:28:36.690 --> 03:28:39.000
Tom Tobin: good time for one more question probably.

1474
03:28:41.130 --> 03:28:41.430
Rindsberg, Andrew: yeah.

1475
03:28:43.350 --> 03:28:50.160
Rindsberg, Andrew: All right, suppose you want to correct all those carboniferous pectin that don't belong to Jesus pectin.

1476
03:28:51.480 --> 03:28:56.520
Rindsberg, Andrew: What happens in the database, if you just say it's not pectin.

1477
03:28:59.280 --> 03:29:02.130
Rindsberg, Andrew: And don't know what the correct gina's name is.

1478
03:29:02.760 --> 03:29:06.960
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah so you can put in a taxonomic revision and you'd have to.

1479
03:29:07.800 --> 03:29:14.640
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): You know, for someone who wasn't a scallop worker wouldn't be allowed to do it, they wouldn't basically be able to get permission to do it, but the scallop worker would put it in.

1480
03:29:14.970 --> 03:29:27.330
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): And then those particular organisms until they get revised to an actual genius they just wouldn't be part of that that analysis they wouldn't pop up in an analysis that you're using for molecular clock or that sort of thing.

1481
03:29:28.590 --> 03:29:29.670
Rindsberg, Andrew: That would be an improvement.

1482
03:29:32.010 --> 03:29:33.450
DCC: yeah having a.

1483
03:29:34.560 --> 03:29:37.170
DCC: This is a moon category is something that.

1484
03:29:39.000 --> 03:29:44.070
DCC: Is a value in me i'm sure if it's in person interview you.

1485
03:29:45.150 --> 03:29:48.450
DCC: realize the possibilities as well.

1486
03:29:51.270 --> 03:30:00.060
Tom Tobin: cool we got time for maybe one more quick question actually I think I take that back it's just changed over the minute so we're out of time, thank you for that and now we're going to have.

1487
03:30:01.860 --> 03:30:15.900
Tom Tobin: Make sure I get things correct here in order our next speaker is calling Norton who have a poster so again i'll be playing that poster will be about five minutes and then we'll have some time for questions after that so give me one moment to get that rolling.

1488
03:30:20.520 --> 03:30:27.300
Tom Tobin: Right to this threat poster is and calling you wanted the screen down here in large correct.

1489
03:30:27.750 --> 03:30:28.710
Colleen Norton: yeah Thank you.

1490
03:30:30.000 --> 03:30:31.590
Tom Tobin: All right, i'm gonna go in here.

1491
03:30:33.570 --> 03:30:38.820
My name is colleen and for my research I analyze the size and age structure of oysters in the lower Chesapeake.

1492
03:30:39.750 --> 03:30:47.250
First i'd like to give some background about this project because last year virginica or the eastern oyster are very important organisms in the Chesapeake bay.

1493
03:30:47.730 --> 03:30:56.970
Unfortunately, the populations have declined significantly so it's very important that we study these organisms to try to determine the extent to which humans are impacting their populations.

1494
03:30:57.480 --> 03:31:05.970
Size an H are two of the most important population demographics for Eastern oysters, and this is because there are many oyster population parameters that need a structure as an input.

1495
03:31:06.360 --> 03:31:15.330
And because agents I structure information are necessary and informing restoration practices, this is what my research will focus on these two population demographics.

1496
03:31:16.680 --> 03:31:25.590
For my research project I had two main objectives, the first was to determine the relationship between shelling than age at a restored modern oyster reef called beans creek.

1497
03:31:26.010 --> 03:31:32.790
And the second was to compare this beans Greek size and age structure to the size and age structure of a fossil a serif.

1498
03:31:34.380 --> 03:31:44.940
David Schwimmer: The study area for my research was beings creek which is located in lower Chesapeake Bay, as you can see, on this inset map to the right, this is a sanctuary reef and it has not been harvested for seven years.

1499
03:31:46.170 --> 03:31:56.040
Oh now described some of my experimental design and methods, the sampling for this project was done in October 2020 and once the oysters were acquired I took measurements for Shell link.

1500
03:31:57.060 --> 03:32:05.880
Next I estimated the age using growth banding to to to do this, I took the Left velveeta oyster and cut it at the hinge cross section using a title so.

1501
03:32:06.570 --> 03:32:14.670
Next, I would Polish the hinge and then count the number of growth bands, the great bands on these hinges represent some winter temperatures.

1502
03:32:14.910 --> 03:32:26.970
And the white bands are summers are disturbance events when counting these bands you count only the thick grey bands, the asymptote out toward the bottom of the hinch So if you follow my cursor you can see me trace one of these bands.

1503
03:32:31.380 --> 03:32:39.330
After compiling the show lengthen age data I analyze it in four ways first I looked at the distribution of show length in live in dead oysters.

1504
03:32:39.750 --> 03:32:44.910
I then plotted the age versus length for growth banded subset of 72 oysters.

1505
03:32:45.450 --> 03:33:00.870
Next I use this agent length analysis to derive an equation that was applied to a random sample from the full population of oysters and this random sample was plotted for a link that age analysis and then a curve for this plot was fitted using the von birdland fee growth model.

1506
03:33:02.040 --> 03:33:09.570
Lastly, I compared the modern length of age data to that of fossil wasters and the data for fossil wasters were compiled from a previous study.

1507
03:33:11.520 --> 03:33:18.540
There are a few key results to take away from this study, these are histograms showing the show length distributions for live and dead oysters.

1508
03:33:18.960 --> 03:33:27.870
As you can see shelling is on the X axis and frequency is on the y axis, and please note the difference in the maximum values of the y axes.

1509
03:33:28.560 --> 03:33:43.800
These graphs show that there's an abundance of live oysters at this reef but the frequency of oysters greater than 100 millimeters is quite small also there's a low overall percentage of dead oysters and these results, provide evidence that this is a healthy reef system.

1510
03:33:45.540 --> 03:33:55.710
Next, I want to discuss the length of age results for modern and fossil reefs ages in years on the X axis and Shell length is in millimeters on the y axis.

1511
03:33:56.130 --> 03:34:01.950
The Green triangles represent fossils specimens and the blue dots are modern specimens.

1512
03:34:02.430 --> 03:34:15.540
What we can draw from comparing these two populations is that fossil oysters grew older and larger than modern oysters do half of the growth rate represented by this line for modern oysters is higher than that of fossil oysters.

1513
03:34:17.100 --> 03:34:22.380
So why is this the case, I want to discuss some of the possible explanations for these observations.

1514
03:34:22.770 --> 03:34:33.480
One possible explanation is that the increase in sedimentation rates throughout the bay, has resulted in a selection for oysters with higher growth rates, because oysters will die if they're buried by settlement.

1515
03:34:34.140 --> 03:34:44.790
Also nutrient loading has increased in the Bay and most molluscs growth rates will increase under higher nutrient conditions so higher nutrient conditions may select for higher growth rates.

1516
03:34:45.420 --> 03:34:50.910
Lastly, harvest pressures over the last few centuries, maybe influencing the trends that we see in these results.

1517
03:34:51.330 --> 03:34:59.280
Today, the minimum size of which you can harvest an oyster 76 millimeters, and this means that humans preferentially harvest only larger oysters.

1518
03:34:59.730 --> 03:35:06.120
general trends and sanctuary reefs compared to harvest reefs show that there's an age and size truncation and harvest reefs.

1519
03:35:06.870 --> 03:35:13.950
But these harvest pressures have existed for a long time, so they may be influencing the bay as a whole, not just the singular harvest reefs.

1520
03:35:14.400 --> 03:35:29.790
Future ratio research should be done to quantify how these human influences have exerted artificial selection on populations and in the Bay as a whole with that I will conclude my presentation Thank you so much, and I will now take any questions.

1521
03:35:31.140 --> 03:35:39.990
Tom Tobin: awesome Thank you stop sharing and see what's going on with pop it open, if you do we've got a few minutes for questions if there are any.

1522
03:35:46.890 --> 03:35:47.550
Tom Tobin: i'll ask a.

1523
03:35:47.640 --> 03:35:49.260
Joshua: quick question yeah oh.

1524
03:35:49.320 --> 03:35:52.980
Joshua: Sorry, no go ahead, my my apologies, my video is.

1525
03:35:54.030 --> 03:35:54.480
Joshua: Go ahead.

1526
03:35:55.290 --> 03:36:07.020
Tom Tobin: i'm asked quick one, then, which is how certain are you that the growth fans that you're identifying as a different Shell, particularly different Shell texture that are actually annual.

1527
03:36:09.030 --> 03:36:26.190
Colleen Norton: um yes so that's a good question um previous research has been done on this and the paper that I used as zoom it at all from 2019 and what they found is that the growth bands when they did square a chronology on these growth bands they found that.

1528
03:36:27.480 --> 03:36:31.050
Colleen Norton: delta 18 values varied, at the same.

1529
03:36:32.130 --> 03:36:44.070
Colleen Norton: Time like the Delta, it would peak peak and it would correlate with the great girls fans and then the non peaks in delta 18 value would correlate with white growth fans.

1530
03:36:44.400 --> 03:37:00.840
Colleen Norton: So they found that it's a strong correlation and they were fairly certain that this is the case in fossil oysters and because the there's the same morphology in modern oysters today it's we're pretty certain but further research will be done to kind of confirm that to.

1531
03:37:02.250 --> 03:37:06.450
Tom Tobin: joshua first and i'll get back over to you Patricia second yeah.

1532
03:37:07.050 --> 03:37:15.900
Joshua: Thank you um yeah I just had a quick question, I may have missed this in your presentation, but so you said use modern ocean from the Chesapeake area use the.

1533
03:37:17.310 --> 03:37:17.640
Joshua: The.

1534
03:37:18.840 --> 03:37:33.270
Joshua: Sorry camera this piece i'll top my head, but it's the same ones we have here, I live on the Gulf coast right now and grew up here so it's basically the same motion for the fossils that he is for analog what what age data those just out of curiosity.

1535
03:37:34.080 --> 03:37:37.380
Colleen Norton: So those were from the place to seen and they.

1536
03:37:37.380 --> 03:37:37.860
range.

1537
03:37:40.920 --> 03:37:45.840
Colleen Norton: Think 250,000 to 400,000 years in age yeah.

1538
03:37:46.590 --> 03:37:53.040
Joshua: So, with the fossil ones, I personally study fossil was Teresa mainly the lake cretaceous nearly Paleo again.

1539
03:37:53.400 --> 03:37:58.590
Joshua: So completely different but i'm just curious because a while a lot of like you mentioned your presentation.

1540
03:37:58.950 --> 03:38:09.960
Joshua: is similar to what I see as far as trends goes for is sediment in nutrient input into the environment, we have those larger oysters are you seeing the same thing with the pleistocene ones that you're observing and fossil record.

1541
03:38:12.060 --> 03:38:14.370
Colleen Norton: i'm sorry, can you repeat that.

1542
03:38:15.030 --> 03:38:24.510
Joshua: i'm not sure I see yeah sorry so with the larger or sure you're seeing are are you seeing a trend with their larger and fossil record as opposed to today.

1543
03:38:25.050 --> 03:38:40.440
Joshua: Because of in like I know you mentioned the answer but genetic factor with modern oysters but with the input sediment and increase nutrient input is that a big factor with the fossil ones or is that just something that.

1544
03:38:42.210 --> 03:38:44.580
Joshua: um there's something.

1545
03:38:45.960 --> 03:39:06.960
Colleen Norton: yeah i'm not sure I think that's that's a good question and um yeah my hypotheses for like sedimentation rates and nutrient loading were mainly focused on why the modern oysters might look different than the oysters but i'm not sure why this or if that impacted fossil oysters.

1546
03:39:07.320 --> 03:39:08.280
Joshua: Did that well.

1547
03:39:09.480 --> 03:39:27.450
Joshua: Okay yeah no I said I was curious because that I started from way old nose and the trends are really similar which kind of doesn't surprise me, yes, and like I said also grew along the Gulf coast, so this is pretty cool getting to see something that's still here today.

1548
03:39:29.580 --> 03:39:39.180
Tom Tobin: we're running pretty out of time, and of course you've got a question, maybe we can hold that have a next posters that oysters as well, potentially available oyster discussion after the next poster to be our last one.

1549
03:39:40.020 --> 03:39:41.310
Patricia Kelley: Or, I could put it in the chat.

1550
03:39:41.370 --> 03:39:58.530
Tom Tobin: Or you can put in the show yeah either way awesome Thank you very much like set our next and final presentation for the session is posted by Catherine de mckinney which I will queue up here and same deal for you, we want the bottom screen enlarge correct.

1551
03:40:00.450 --> 03:40:03.210
Tom Tobin: And then we'll have a little bit of time afterwards to.

1552
03:40:03.330 --> 03:40:09.450
Tom Tobin: chat around and people want to stick around I don't know when they if they zoom meeting gets killed, but hopefully it won't be.

1553
03:40:10.860 --> 03:40:21.840
Tom Tobin: All right, let's close that and share screen with this one is the correct one yes cool large that.

1554
03:40:25.170 --> 03:40:30.660
hello, my name is katie mckinney and today i'm going to be presenting about my research in New York river in Virginia.

1555
03:40:31.410 --> 03:40:36.750
The York river is a main tributary to the Chesapeake bay and houses, Chris Austria virginica the eastern oyster.

1556
03:40:37.380 --> 03:40:42.840
oysters play a vital role and cosine ecosystems and improved water quality and the health of the surrounding environment.

1557
03:40:43.260 --> 03:40:49.860
But over the past two centuries, the population of course Austria and Virginia waters has sharply declined to do to overharvesting and disease.

1558
03:40:50.400 --> 03:41:00.000
The species abundance today is about 1% of historic levels and as a result, or history frustration, has become a common practice in the Bay to help bring back the historic numbers.

1559
03:41:01.140 --> 03:41:09.480
location for this study lives at the mouth of delegates creek a tributary of the York river the reef itself was constructed in 1999 and receded and.

1560
03:41:11.490 --> 03:41:16.140
And this figure, you can see filebeat creek delegates creek reef in New York river.

1561
03:41:17.430 --> 03:41:26.850
This particular refills never been mapped or samples because of its difficulty and location, the reef is not fully exposed at low tide but it's not deep enough to map and sample with the biotechnology.

1562
03:41:27.300 --> 03:41:30.840
Here we introduce a new technology for monitoring reef such as delegates create.

1563
03:41:31.800 --> 03:41:43.830
The research goals of this study, where, therefore, to one produce a high resolution brass your profile of foggy it's great to understand what we were sampling and to quantitatively assess the performance of this reef stratified random sampling.

1564
03:41:45.450 --> 03:41:55.410
to master if we use what's called an acoustic doppler current profile or or a tcp and in our tk base stations apply by grace massey and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science.

1565
03:41:56.250 --> 03:42:09.990
You can see the tcp in this figure right here, and this is the Arctic a base station, the Arctic a base station was placed on the end of pediment spit and delivered accurate GPS location, so the Ad cpu while I was performing transcend.

1566
03:42:11.820 --> 03:42:21.990
The tcp itself was remote control from the boat and ran transact lines across the reef and delivered soundings to an onboard computer the resulting profile can be seen in the middle of this poster.

1567
03:42:23.730 --> 03:42:30.540
The figure on the left is the roster output of the profile the purple the purple being the highest relief and the red being the lowest.

1568
03:42:30.900 --> 03:42:40.890
The purple and blue are my sampling areas, the transcripts created from the profile were used to create the figure on the right and our pro which delineated my sampling shadow by depth and created my sampling points.

1569
03:42:41.400 --> 03:42:48.420
Here you can see, this data labeled a the shallow stratum denoted in purple on the left and be the deep shot in the dark blue on the left.

1570
03:42:49.440 --> 03:42:57.060
field sampling occurred and December of 2020 in January 2021 14 samples were taken nine from a and five from be.

1571
03:42:57.450 --> 03:43:05.010
A quarter square meter quadro was placed underwater at the specified GPS location and all oysters within that square where excavated and bag for processing.

1572
03:43:05.790 --> 03:43:15.600
samples rid of island alive oysters oysters and discard length with live volume and dry weight were measured in the lab it them's and analysis was performed using are.

1573
03:43:16.770 --> 03:43:24.540
Moving on to my results and discussion the reef itself does not follow a typical pattern naturally it's usually follow a title pattern and are long and straight.

1574
03:43:24.870 --> 03:43:33.030
But you can see, in both of the reef figures therefore sub sections of delegates creek created during construction 123.

1575
03:43:33.510 --> 03:43:41.280
And four and evidence shows the original constructed area of the reef be much larger than what we're looking at here do to increase sedimentation.

1576
03:43:42.000 --> 03:43:55.200
Preliminary results show thought gates creek reef being a healthy successful roof on this population structure instagram we have Shell high on the X axis and frequency on the y axis live oysters are denoted and grey and dead in black.

1577
03:43:56.490 --> 03:44:03.480
Multiple age classes of oysters were found through sampling and you can see the cut off between juvenile and adult was just right around 25 millimeters.

1578
03:44:04.470 --> 03:44:17.550
On average 50 oysters per square meter were found on the chalice data and three oysters were found per square meter on the deep stratum the biomass on delegates creek it on delegates grief grief is high on the second graph we have.

1579
03:44:18.600 --> 03:44:30.810
shelling on the X axis and dry weight on the y axis and this red box here is to noting oysters larger than legal harvest size, which is always greater than 76 millimeters.

1580
03:44:31.530 --> 03:44:40.230
This is most likely due to the location of the reef and lack of poaching and ideal nutrient supply due to the location at the intersection of New York river and focus creek.

1581
03:44:41.130 --> 03:44:48.150
All portions portions of the reef how successful investors suggesting adequate nutrients apply an optimal history environmental conditions.

1582
03:44:49.050 --> 03:44:57.990
In conclusion, we are able to accurately not this refusing new advanced technology and offer potentially unique methods for sampling and monitoring reefs comparable the floodgates CREA CREA.

1583
03:44:58.710 --> 03:45:08.280
prelim preliminary results show this location as a functional oyster habitat and the presence of multiple age classes in high density shallow areas could make this location promising for future restoration.

1584
03:45:09.000 --> 03:45:19.530
future work will include designating bottom type in order to develop a habitat suitability index this area to better analyze this location and proximity to the bay, thank you for your time and i'm happy to answer any questions.

1585
03:45:21.930 --> 03:45:23.370
Tom Tobin: All right, thank you.

1586
03:45:24.570 --> 03:45:28.860
Tom Tobin: there's been something going on to Chapter if it's a discussion from the previous one.

1587
03:45:30.180 --> 03:45:31.770
Tom Tobin: didn't have any questions.

1588
03:45:32.970 --> 03:45:33.630
Tom Tobin: For Kate.

1589
03:45:49.050 --> 03:45:50.430
Tom Tobin: The author quick question.

1590
03:45:51.810 --> 03:45:59.190
Tom Tobin: reflects my ignorance about modern oyster recent things of it, are you mentioned, they often are sort of aligned with the tides.

1591
03:45:59.610 --> 03:46:08.880
Tom Tobin: Is that correct Okay, and so these blogs, are these bob's just literally like pay they went out and dumps and stuff in these spots like that why we were seeing that shaped still.

1592
03:46:09.390 --> 03:46:16.230
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): yeah so those four sections of the reef that I was talking about in the presentation, those were created during the construction so.

1593
03:46:16.590 --> 03:46:19.860
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): Literally what you're talking about is they just went out and they just dumped those.

1594
03:46:20.520 --> 03:46:29.610
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): The Shell into that area and that's what we're looking at and what we don't know I mean we know that the area of that reef was bigger when they when they see did that.

1595
03:46:30.030 --> 03:46:35.940
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): In 1999 and what we don't know is what exactly that looks like but yeah it's pretty comparable to what we're looking at their.

1596
03:46:36.540 --> 03:46:37.530
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): Well, if.

1597
03:46:37.710 --> 03:46:45.150
Tom Tobin: This persists long enough, will we we lose that original delineation or is it going to kind of preserve that because they want to be at a certain height.

1598
03:46:47.340 --> 03:46:54.780
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): yeah so because of the way, though it's just like to settle that that we're going to probably keep seeing that same trend happening.

1599
03:46:55.830 --> 03:47:04.110
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): I don't know how long it will take before the sedimentation takes over and we lose that but that's kind of the trends that we're seeing happen.

1600
03:47:05.100 --> 03:47:06.630
Tom Tobin: Your question from Patricia.

1601
03:47:10.800 --> 03:47:26.190
Patricia Kelley: hi, thank you for a nice time, you may have said this, I was typing a question to your colleague, but I was wondering if you could talk a little bit about how what factors go into the hs I would almost consider.

1602
03:47:27.420 --> 03:47:32.370
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): yeah so I actually in my object that was the goal of this project, originally was to create.

1603
03:47:33.000 --> 03:47:40.080
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): A habitat suitability index and but that actually is beyond the scope of what i'm doing right now, but that is going to be the future work.

1604
03:47:40.680 --> 03:47:51.750
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): But within that it's going to be the bottom type which we don't yet know we saw a little bit of that through sampling but classifying bottom type within the stratum.

1605
03:47:52.770 --> 03:48:08.370
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): depth and salinity and then just looking at the area in general, so there's already been a habitat stability index for Chris Ostia in the Great Wall conoco river in Virginia, but not yet for the York river, so this was just add to that.

1606
03:48:10.260 --> 03:48:10.830
Patricia Kelley: Thank you.

1607
03:48:12.690 --> 03:48:14.280
Tom Tobin: Oh good time for another question, too.

1608
03:48:30.630 --> 03:48:42.480
DCC: Based on what you've seen probably on tom's question, what do you recommend that they design briefs differently in the future, does the kind of just dump it there seem to have not done as well as it could have.

1609
03:48:44.430 --> 03:48:46.860
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): Yes, I think um what.

1610
03:48:46.890 --> 03:48:48.180
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): That, I think what you're kind of.

1611
03:48:48.180 --> 03:48:48.840
DCC: Asking is.

1612
03:48:48.930 --> 03:48:54.510
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): is why that doesn't matter where we're doing this or kind of how we're monitoring that.

1613
03:48:55.470 --> 03:49:09.480
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): I think the short answer is it's not very economical to just go and dump Shell wherever and that's part of the reason why we would like to develop a habitat suitability index, to be able to optimize where these oysters are going to be restored.

1614
03:49:11.250 --> 03:49:23.130
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): So, in short, that's not recommended they did do some preliminary research in cell gates and noted that it was it did have some optimal moisture conditions for restoration so it's not entirely.

1615
03:49:24.150 --> 03:49:30.150
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): Based on just absolutely no research but yeah I don't I don't necessarily recommend them just dumping over the side.

1616
03:49:37.440 --> 03:49:38.760
Kate Dean-McKinney (she/her): Any other questions.

1617
03:49:42.420 --> 03:49:55.740
Tom Tobin: cool well, if not thank you all for attending i'll keep the zoom open for a little while people want to chat at all, but that is our last presentation, so thank you for our journey from basically the whole fan of result if you've been here the whole whole afternoon.

1618
03:49:57.330 --> 03:50:09.120
Tom Tobin: And I hope that the next se GSA that I can organize an actual get together for the Paleo folks in person, hopefully, so if you're not on my.

1619
03:50:10.710 --> 03:50:18.960
Tom Tobin: If you didn't haven't received emails from me over the last year about Southeast Asia society things and you want to be notified in the future, please email me i'll put my email in the chat.

1620
03:50:19.800 --> 03:50:27.660
Tom Tobin: We can just look me up on the University of Alabama you can find me and i'll get you on that list so you'll find out if we do something at the next se GSA.

1621
03:50:28.770 --> 03:50:31.290
Tom Tobin: If not, thank you all, and thank you to my co chairs.

1622
03:50:32.700 --> 03:50:33.600
Tom Tobin: And yeah.

1623
03:50:33.840 --> 03:50:34.230
Tom Tobin: Second.

1624
03:50:34.290 --> 03:50:47.970
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Let me just jump in and give another round of applause for all the speakers, but also for the co chairs for organizing this and dealing with all of the zoom stuff today, so if everyone can unmute and give everybody a quick round of applause, I think that would be great.

1625
03:50:53.640 --> 03:51:07.350
Rindsberg, Andrew: Also, a note that are currently 33 participants and that's a lot for or something past 537 even central time 630 Eastern time.

1626
03:51:07.740 --> 03:51:08.700
Rindsberg, Andrew: Thank you for staying.

1627
03:51:15.690 --> 03:51:16.110
cool.

1628
03:51:17.280 --> 03:51:17.520
Tom Tobin: well.

1629
03:51:18.390 --> 03:51:20.430
Rindsberg, Andrew: I feel like the Brady bunch yeah.

1630
03:51:20.520 --> 03:51:21.090
Tom Tobin: also wants to.

1631
03:51:21.570 --> 03:51:23.340
Rindsberg, Andrew: Patricia hi Tom.

1632
03:51:25.800 --> 03:51:26.220
Tom Tobin: All those.

1633
03:51:27.300 --> 03:51:32.580
Tom Tobin: who presented posters like that's really hard to do a five minute poster get all of your covered in that.

1634
03:51:32.940 --> 03:51:43.350
Tom Tobin: it's normally posters going a little bit different than top like yours, I just get like a five minute presentation that's really hard so well done to everyone, did the poster So those are uniquely challenging in this virtual space.

1635
03:51:45.450 --> 03:51:46.800
Tom Tobin: fun for me to see those things to.

1636
03:51:50.190 --> 03:51:57.690
Tom Tobin: put my email down in the chat if you have that open if you if you aren't on the list and getting harassed by don't I personally like three emails a year, so you won't get barraged but.

1637
03:51:58.290 --> 03:52:00.030
Tom Tobin: You haven't got an email with here, let me know.

1638
03:52:01.290 --> 03:52:11.370
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Oh, and Tom Michael was just asking in the chat if there is a southeast paley society meeting for officers or anything like that I don't think there's anything this this time around right.

1639
03:52:11.640 --> 03:52:12.420
No.

1640
03:52:14.700 --> 03:52:17.070
Tom Tobin: that's my I didn't see anything in the chat room is asking you.

1641
03:52:18.240 --> 03:52:24.480
Rindsberg, Andrew: I thought the south southeast Paleo society was mostly or Oh, are you talking about in southeastern section.

1642
03:52:25.710 --> 03:52:27.570
Rindsberg, Andrew: yo okay.

1643
03:52:29.970 --> 03:52:34.110
Rindsberg, Andrew: And I think we're is a southeastern Paleo society but it's mostly vertebrates.

1644
03:52:34.710 --> 03:52:36.630
Tom Tobin: yeah sorry I just think it.

1645
03:52:36.660 --> 03:52:45.510
Tom Tobin: Just to be clear i'm talking about the southeastern section of the Paleo society as a whole, where we usually get together for for people don't know we usually have an in person gathering at.

1646
03:52:46.770 --> 03:52:54.600
Tom Tobin: What we haven't been the last one is fully cancel last year's as bleak Angela this one virtual but next year we'll have something hopefully.

1647
03:52:56.100 --> 03:52:57.660
Rindsberg, Andrew: Good food and beer yeah.

1648
03:52:57.720 --> 03:52:58.950
Tom Tobin: I think we might have to be a joint.

1649
03:52:58.950 --> 03:53:00.300
Tom Tobin: Say next year isn't it.

1650
03:53:03.960 --> 03:53:07.260
Tom Tobin: Like we might have a joint section meeting next year I can't remember.

1651
03:53:09.210 --> 03:53:11.580
Tom Tobin: The northeast really that's 20 2030 I can't remember.

1652
03:53:13.890 --> 03:53:15.600
Tom Tobin: But that might be fun to meet those people as well.

1653
03:53:18.360 --> 03:53:25.500
Patricia Kelley: And we used to turn over officers, every year, you know back in the 80s when when the section was just starting.

1654
03:53:26.070 --> 03:53:40.170
Patricia Kelley: But I think in more recent years, people have held on to the position of chair her a little bit longer a year or two to two or three years and I don't think we've worked Tom hard enough yet for him to develop this position.

1655
03:53:40.260 --> 03:53:43.830
Tom Tobin: never really done anything, yet I took it over from Michelle a couple years ago.

1656
03:53:43.890 --> 03:53:48.720
Tom Tobin: Where she's like hey Tom to Charlie on everything went downhill at that point, so I hope it's not my fault but.

1657
03:53:50.400 --> 03:53:52.290
Tom Tobin: It looks of it is not your fault.

1658
03:53:54.000 --> 03:54:08.100
Tom Tobin: Next year 2022 will be a joint session with the North central section and Cincinnati so talk I don't know offhand who this the north central Paleo REP is but we're probably have a joint Paleo society meeting with them.

1659
03:54:09.660 --> 03:54:14.490
Tom Tobin: To be fun and since then he's got some cool Paleo and as well, so expect that we can call field trips and.

1660
03:54:15.030 --> 03:54:16.380
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): things of that nature anomaly cool.

1661
03:54:19.650 --> 03:54:30.570
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): All right, i'm going to take off, it was really great to see everybody I miss you all it's not the same on zoom joshua let me know if you want to talk oysters in more detail i'm very interested in what's happening in the Gulf.

1662
03:54:30.570 --> 03:54:30.780
coast.

1663
03:54:32.220 --> 03:54:32.670
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): So very.

1664
03:54:32.880 --> 03:54:33.660
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): Good touch base with you.

1665
03:54:35.220 --> 03:54:47.940
Joshua: Know that's true you know I grew up and live on the Gulf coast, right now, after you know my graduate school career and I have harvest and oysters and i'm very I suppose you could say intimately familiar with the oysters here so.

1666
03:54:48.600 --> 03:54:50.640
Joshua: cool to see people are still studying, though.

1667
03:54:50.820 --> 03:54:54.510
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): yeah so if you're interested I just I stuck my email address in the chat for you.

1668
03:54:54.960 --> 03:54:55.500
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): you're welcome.

1669
03:54:56.160 --> 03:55:00.660
Rowan Lockwood (she/her): to drop me a line and but it's really good to see everybody take care stay safe.

1670
03:55:01.200 --> 03:55:02.000
Patricia Kelley: Thanks everybody come.