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Lauren Beckingham: Okay, good afternoon everyone Thank you so much for joining us and welcome to our session on CO2 storage and geological formations thanks for sticking around here for the.

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Lauren Beckingham: Friday afternoon session I think it's going to be a really hopefully a good session and we'll have some good talks and discussion.

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Lauren Beckingham: And I am lauren beckenham i'm an assistant Professor auburn university and one of the organizers of the session, along with Richard Esposito from southern company.

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Lauren Beckingham: And we have four talks and they'll be time for questions at the end of each talk and you can either ask your question or post it in the chat.

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Lauren Beckingham: And then we have two posters and then some time for discussion, as a group, hopefully at the end of all of the presentation so maybe some some good things will come up that I hope will get a chance to discuss.

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Lauren Beckingham: And I don't think I have anything else to say so maybe we'll just get get started here with our speakers, our first speaker is Sally greenberg from the Illinois state geological survey.

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Sallie Greenberg: and

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Lauren Beckingham: You let.

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me.

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Sallie Greenberg: share my screen and then go into.

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Sallie Greenberg: Full screen mode, hopefully, you can see that.

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Sallie Greenberg: And I will um he said lauren i'll just jump right in so i'm pleased to be here today on a Friday afternoon to talk about some of our permitting experience in two projects in central Illinois and.

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Sallie Greenberg: Hopefully, and this will all be clear and make a lot of sense so um.

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Sallie Greenberg: I don't want to presume anybody knows exactly how permitting happens in the United States, so forgive me if this is basic but i'll go into it.

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Sallie Greenberg: The way that anything in the subsurface is regulated is through the safe drinking water act and what is called the underground injection control Program.

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Sallie Greenberg: And so, each of the different classes of wealth has a specific purpose, for example, class one wells are related to hazardous or non hazardous.

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Sallie Greenberg: industrial waste Class two is related to oil and gas class six is specifically related to the storage of carbon dioxide, so I will be talking about class six what this map shows.

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Sallie Greenberg: Is that permitting in the United States and regulation regulatory oversight is complicated because not every state has the same level of interaction with the permitting process so.

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Sallie Greenberg: Everything is regulated through the federal government unless a State has what is called primacy, which means that they have applied for and received oversight for.

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Sallie Greenberg: Regulation of a particular class so as you can see from this map North Dakota and wyoming are the only two states that have primacy for Class six for carbon CO2 injection we in Illinois, which is where I am are.

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Sallie Greenberg: The state has privacy for classes one through five, but the federal region which is region five in Illinois it deals with the permitting so a class six well is focused on protecting all well all wells in the in the underground injection control program are focused on.

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Sallie Greenberg: protecting drinking water sources this class of of of wealth is specific to.

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Sallie Greenberg: Carbon storage, as I said, it focuses permitting application focuses on citing construction, operation testing monitoring how you're going to close it some of the unique issues related to carbon.

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Sallie Greenberg: capture and storage are the buoyancy of carbon dioxide subsurface mobility of CO2 coral city in terms of well material carbon dioxide.

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Sallie Greenberg: In interaction with with with steel and large injection volumes and so some of the unique.

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Sallie Greenberg: requirements that you have to be able to demonstrate are that you've done extensive site characterization, and a lot of times that includes drilling strata graphic wells conducting seismic surveys.

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Sallie Greenberg: CO2 specific injection well construction, which means likely, you have to have CO2 resistant cement or things of that nature.

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Sallie Greenberg: You have to demonstrate your monitoring program and then also financial responsibility of how you're going to handle things once the well is closed.

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Sallie Greenberg: So there are six classics permits that had been issued in the United States only two of those are in use all six of the permits were have been issued in Illinois although that's changing the first one is related to the Illinois based indicator project, which is only for the post injection.

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Sallie Greenberg: Monitoring aspect of projects and then the second permit for the industrial sources CCS project is a full operational permit and that project is still injecting carbon dioxide in the subsurface as we speak.

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Sallie Greenberg: So both of the wells that i'm talking about i'm not sure if you can see my cursor are located here in decatur Illinois and are associated with two different projects that have been storing.

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Sallie Greenberg: In conjunction with Archer Daniels Midland or ADM industrial site at that location.

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Sallie Greenberg: The first project is the project that I lead the Illinois based indicator project we stored a million tons of carbon dioxide over a period of three years.

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Sallie Greenberg: And the second project is led by ADM and they have been injecting since April of 2017 so it's about four years, almost to the date.

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Sallie Greenberg: And to the day, and they So the first project injected a million tons the second project has higher volume higher capacity and they've stored up about 2.2 million tons as of a couple of days ago so here's what the sites look like juxtapose the the wells for.

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Sallie Greenberg: The first project are in green or in the southern portion of this this aerial photograph and the wells, for the second project are to the north.

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Sallie Greenberg: end in orange there's about a mile between CCS one and CCS to, and those are the two injection wells, the other wells are deep monitoring wells associated with the with the projects and then at the very bottom of the.

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Sallie Greenberg: Of the of the photograph you can see there's a blue box and purple box and those are the capture compression dehydration facilities this these projects are taking carbon dioxide, which is produced in ethanol fermentation and capturing it dehydrating it and then.

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Sallie Greenberg: Using on location pipelines to take CO2 to the wellhead so what gets complicated about these projects is is that, as they developed.

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Sallie Greenberg: The two permits for the for the two projects got linked together, so the first project should have injected it injected from 2011 to 2014 we had anticipated about a three year post injection.

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Sallie Greenberg: Monitoring period, but so which would have met the project would have ended in 2017 However, because of the class six permitting process.

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Sallie Greenberg: They got put together, and the first project got extended by about four years and based on when the first project.

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Sallie Greenberg: started injection so The moral of that story is that because of the way that the permitting process was conducted.

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Sallie Greenberg: Permitting is really been the rate limiting step for both projects and has been has really been pretty complicated i'm not going to go into a lot of detail on this figure.

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Sallie Greenberg: Because it's actually two to 52 slides worth, but what I want the point I want to make is that there's a lot of work that goes into.

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Sallie Greenberg: A carbon capture and storage project, all the way from regional characterization to site assessment infrastructure development to injection operations.

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Sallie Greenberg: To the operational monitoring and and maintenance and modeling and permitting for us in these projects has gone through the entire period.

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Sallie Greenberg: Of the project period and so it's really been a factor all along, because of new permits needing to be issued and permit changes and new regulations and and so very, very complicated going forward in the future, I don't think you'll see it be as complicated, but it still will be a.

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Sallie Greenberg: It has the potential to be a rate limiting step.

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Sallie Greenberg: This figure is meant to show you that we did multiple risk assessments as, of course, of the Illinois based indicator project that first project.

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Sallie Greenberg: And each time we did a risk assessment with internal and external experts regulatory uncertainty came to the forefront, so at first, but when we very.

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Sallie Greenberg: started the project, there was a lot of geologic uncertainty, we didn't have a lot of close by wells we didn't operationally weren't sure how things were going to work.

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Sallie Greenberg: And there was regular regulatory uncertainty, we thought that would go away, it did not and it kept showing up as as our risk profile changed and.

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Sallie Greenberg: Different different risks presented themselves but regulatory uncertainty stayed the the the entire time.

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Sallie Greenberg: Some of the lessons that we learned as a function of the regulatory process is that it's very important to familiar familiarize yourself with the regulatory clock.

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Sallie Greenberg: Developing a permit pathways requires project management strategies that address.

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Sallie Greenberg: CO2 sources volumes rates of delivery injection rates site characterization a whole lot of factors, and so you need a lot of information before you ever go to put in a permit.

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Sallie Greenberg: it's extremely important to be proactive and open communications with the permitting agency.

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Sallie Greenberg: While you're in the process of planning and developing a storage project, so you don't just show up at their door with a permit application say okay we're ready and.

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Sallie Greenberg: Because they're requires a lot of back and forth communication and so that's where this next bullet point of maintaining effective communication throughout the permitting process.

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Sallie Greenberg: and through the operational phases, is very critical, we found that regulations will drive your monitoring activities and so.

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Sallie Greenberg: We think they need to be ongoing and evolving, there needs to be a place in the permit.

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Sallie Greenberg: that once you get your permit for flexibility in your monitoring programs and then also Some people will say you don't need to conduct an environmental baseline.

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Sallie Greenberg: Of pre injection conditions, I would argue against that and say that you absolutely do.

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Sallie Greenberg: Even if it's not required as a function of the regulatory process you do need that for risk mitigation and to support primary development goals deployment goals such as public acceptance.

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Sallie Greenberg: The public engagement guidelines for permitting are not very extensive they revolve primarily around having public hearings and answering questions and and.

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Sallie Greenberg: Open comment periods so it's essential that you are proactive in public engagement and that you move well beyond the formal engagement requirements if you are waiting to engage the public around a carbon storage project.

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Sallie Greenberg: Until you submit a permit you you're really much, much too late.

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Sallie Greenberg: To get public by in for a project.

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Sallie Greenberg: it's important to reach shared technical understanding with the regulators, on which what foundational information, such as the geology you're going to use the models you're going to use before you start detailed analysis and computational map modeling.

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Sallie Greenberg: it's also important to provide a balance of information too much detail and can be.

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Sallie Greenberg: can be distracting and can actually impede the permitting process modeling is something that you need to talk through with the parameters to know what.

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Sallie Greenberg: program software program they're going to use how they're going to verify it and whether or not there any specific requirements and then.

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Sallie Greenberg: Also, this goes back to providing a balance of information, making sure that you remain focused on submitting.

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Sallie Greenberg: Exactly what's required and not exceeding those requirements so.

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Sallie Greenberg: What needs to happen going forward as I, as I mentioned, the rate limiting step for us was was how long it took to get permits so.

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Sallie Greenberg: We need to be working to accelerate the permitting process and the key issue is that there lies a significant amount of uncertainty between.

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Sallie Greenberg: When you are issued a final permit and when you have authorization to inject so the issuance of a permit.

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Sallie Greenberg: actually means that you have permission to drill the injection well once you drill that injection well you then have to do what's called the completion report, you have to submit a bunch of information to the EPA, you have to.

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Sallie Greenberg: demonstrate that the area of review.

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Sallie Greenberg: Whether it has changed or not, and then they have to analyze all that, and then they ultimately give you a letter that says it is okay to inject so it's sort of like.

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Sallie Greenberg: When you get a driver's permit you can't go out and drive the car immediately, you have to wait until you get a driver's license and so fortunately in that process, the time period is known, but it is uncertain and not fixed when when it comes to the permitting for CO2 storage process.

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Sallie Greenberg: The good news is that the US EPA is increasing staff they're they're hiring staff to work on classics both at headquarters and in the regional offices.

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Sallie Greenberg: And that there is some transitional overlap between existing staff and and new staff we anticipate that there will be a lot of plastics permits that are being applied for.

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Sallie Greenberg: Because there is a tax credit that is out and available called.

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Sallie Greenberg: known by the name 45 Q and then there's a Department of Energy programs series of projects, called the carbon safe projects in which there will likely be six.

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Sallie Greenberg: permits that will be need to be issued there's important opportunities for involvement at the state and federal level.

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Sallie Greenberg: federal level for regulators to learn about and make decisions about privacy for classics implementation, there needs to be stakeholders.

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Sallie Greenberg: Providing input to discussions about changes and then, when the the.

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Sallie Greenberg: regulations were put in place in 2010 there was supposed to be a five or six year review of the guidance documents and the permit regulations which have not has not been done and we've learned a lot about carbon storage.

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Sallie Greenberg: Projects in the time since these projects have started so that review needs to occur.

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Sallie Greenberg: And this is my second to last slide I just want to highlight that we in my organization have a publication that's coming out on observations about plastics permit it's got.

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Sallie Greenberg: Some lessons learned and some guidance about how to go about submitting permit applications, it focuses on project design and permit road mapping a little bit about outreach and engagement on developing.

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Sallie Greenberg: and implementing your site selection and characterization strategy talking about pre construction.

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Sallie Greenberg: Application materials and and pre operational materials and it's not available quite yet, I know that they these slides will be made available to you.

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Sallie Greenberg: But sometime in mid April you'll be able to go to one of these two sites and download download the project so with that this this work has been funded by the US Department of Energy through the Midwest geological see frustration consortium and.

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Sallie Greenberg: I will stop and welcome any questions that you might have.

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Lauren Beckingham: Thanks so much Sally we have time for questions so if you have a question, you can write it in the chat or you can raise your hand or no one else is talking at the moment you're welcome to this unmute and ask your questions.

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Lauren Beckingham: Could you talk a little bit oh go ahead, someone was asking.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Okay yeah I was about to ask them, thank you for your presentation that was a nice one, so you mentioned about my during the project for three years, so I was kind of wondering what are the indicators for determining how long you want it on injection project.

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Sallie Greenberg: So the classics regulations, require that you that your post injection monitoring happened.

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Sallie Greenberg: sorry about that one.

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Sallie Greenberg: That was my 17 minute timer and that your post injection monitoring you're required to do for 50 years as part of the regulations, because our project was a research project we were we were under different rules.

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Sallie Greenberg: You can propose a different post injection monitoring period to the EPA, it is up to them, whether or not they will allow you.

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Sallie Greenberg: To to change from that 50 year period, but new projects going forward which have injection periods of 20 or 30 years will most likely be held to that 50 year post injection monitoring period.

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Ming-kuo Lee: Sorry, you mentioned geological risk, are you.

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Sallie Greenberg: i'm good, how are you.

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Ming-kuo Lee: And so, could you describe what kind of geological risk of disease in a you know facing in our unique compared to other side.

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Ming-kuo Lee: Receiving.

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Sallie Greenberg: The signal yeah so for us, initially, I mean quote, that the biggest risk was that we did not have any nearby wells that had been drilled so our nearest well.

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Sallie Greenberg: Information was from about 17 miles away, and then the next nearest was 5050 miles is that so essentially our first well or two were sort of wild cat wells, if you will, to.

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Sallie Greenberg: to figure out determine whether or not we had suitable.

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Sallie Greenberg: reservoir quality to be able to store CO2, so I don't think that the Illinois basin has any geologic risks that are different from any anywhere else, or anything you would need wouldn't need to determine.

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Sallie Greenberg: You know, we did a seismic to determine whether or not we had significant faulting in the area which might result in.

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Sallie Greenberg: leakage pathways we looked at whether or not we had suitable porosity permeability including vertical permeability.

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Sallie Greenberg: So, looking at what our injected it was and then whether or not you have a suitable seal and the location of that ceiling and the integrity.

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Sallie Greenberg: Of that seal one of the things you probably know, but many of these be the people on the.

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Sallie Greenberg: In the session may or may not know is that we encountered a significant amount of what's called micro seismic activity so.

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Sallie Greenberg: induced seismic activity of you know less than less than one and, most of it sort of have a magnitude of zero or minus one and looking at the reservoir quality and and.

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Sallie Greenberg: Understanding using our models and reprocessing seismic over over the course of the project we've we have come to see that we likely have fault sleighs and some subsurface structure in the form of precambrian highs in the Illinois basin which likely.

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Sallie Greenberg: provided a fluid pathway into the basement, which is where the majority of size micro seismic activity was occurring and so understanding your reservoir and the potential for induced seismicity is another risk that you definitely need to be looking at.

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Ming-kuo Lee: Thank you.

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Sallie Greenberg: you're welcome.

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Lauren Beckingham: I was wondering if you could comment, a bit on the public perception, you know where where people I guess you know easily accepting of the project, or what kind of reaction, did you get.

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Sallie Greenberg: So, interestingly enough when we started this project so it's kind of the project and literally ends April 30 so like in a couple of weeks, which is you know we've been working on this for almost 17 years.

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Sallie Greenberg: And when we first started the project, the first project indicator and the the landscape, the environment in Illinois which was different than it is today, we we were part of.

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Sallie Greenberg: There was a fair amount of understanding and knowledge about the.

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Sallie Greenberg: The idea of carbon storage, because we had been part of the competition for a set of projects, called the future gen project and so people knew they kind of understood.

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Sallie Greenberg: What carbon storage was so we did not really encounter any challenges with respect to the public, we had you know many one on one conversations with with local landowners and and Homeowners.

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Sallie Greenberg: This project was conducted solely on ADM properties, so they own all the poor space in which the CO2 was stored, and so we were not in a position to really need to go out and option poor space from landowners or or have some of those conversations, which can make public.

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Sallie Greenberg: Understanding public engagement much more challenging so at the time we really it was very smooth you know and we.

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Sallie Greenberg: And things things went very well and people were interested in the project, I would say that.

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Sallie Greenberg: it's not the opposite of that now, but, but many, but that that familiarity with carbon storage has diminished in the last.

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Sallie Greenberg: You know, seven or eight years in the state of Illinois, so I think we find ourselves again in the position meeting to.

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Sallie Greenberg: engage with with local leadership and and citizenry to to put forward the ideas of carbon storage and so that has the potential to make things challenging just because, and so, so the lesson I would take from that is that you have to public engagement is is.

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Sallie Greenberg: is important, but you can't over saturate people with information and and you can't ever really stop engagement, but knowing what the balance of those things are so that you maintain knowledge across decades is is is an interesting challenge that needs to be addressed and figured out.

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Lauren Beckingham: Great Thank you so much, we are out of time, so we have to move to the next speaker Thank you Sally for a great presentation.

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Sallie Greenberg: Thank you.

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Lauren Beckingham: Our next speaker is fun teaching from auburn university.

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Fanqi Qin: share my screen.

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Fanqi Qin: Can you see it.

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Lauren Beckingham: Yes.

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Lauren Beckingham: Okay.

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Fanqi Qin: So good afternoon everyone, my name is punchy i'm currently a PhD student at auburn university so i'm glad here to be to be here today.

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Fanqi Qin: to share some of our work, so my topic today is evaluation of mineral properties quantification through imaging and the impact of surface area variation on the simulated geocache corrections.

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Fanqi Qin: So carbon capture and sequestration, is one of the promising a strategy to mitigate current greenhouse emission problem and the basic idea of CCS is to inject the capture CO2 into deep sailing aquifer yeah.

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Fanqi Qin: officer here and I just store CO2 through Joe chemical reactions and here is one of the examples of how suitor is mineralized so first CO2 will dissolve into the Brian.

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Fanqi Qin: and information, Brian and here i'm using an oversight associate to react react to genocide for mckellen I and calcite and, in this case CO2 is trapped or say a store in the form of a mineral faith.

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Fanqi Qin: But in the reality, what is actually happening here is much more complex than just this equation equations so oftentimes we use.

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Fanqi Qin: rapid transfer molly to help to help us understand these complex directions and here is a commonly used to rake law to calculate.

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Fanqi Qin: A rejection rate and we have record surface area right constant and some more dynamic driving force and for these values are there are some variations in the recorded values.

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Fanqi Qin: For the constants is usually within one order of magnitude, but for surface area such ranch is much wider wider and here's a table published in Borg.

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Fanqi Qin: 2013 paper, where they have collected numbers of reactive surface area that has been used in the relative term transfer following in the literature.

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Fanqi Qin: And by looking at these we can we can tell that, for all these minerals species, the range of the of the variation very wide span from one to five orders of magnitude.

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Fanqi Qin: And these reactive surface area are actually referring to a different type, it can be specific surface area which is typically.

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Fanqi Qin: Measured through bts option as it, it can be geometric surface area which you can calculate through a geometry of mineral grains.

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Fanqi Qin: And also, we have accessible surface area determined from emerging.

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Fanqi Qin: In the previous work of Buckingham arrow 2017 they have utilized to the to the BSC image fifth Sam 3D X Ray micro city image to determine the mineral specific accessible surface area from the images.

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Fanqi Qin: And also, they have conduct core flow experiment and also record transfer Malian to validate their experiment, the details can be fine in this reference listed here so we'll find out is as comparing their experimental data and their simulation data.

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Fanqi Qin: And we find out that simulations corral using imaging specific accessible surface area better reproduce was observed in experimental.

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Fanqi Qin: So, so in the case of the core flow experiment, we are assuming accessible serves there is where we're looking for on so in part of my work, I will also be using.

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Fanqi Qin: i'm also using the accessible sort of Sarah determined from imaging and the question remains to be answered is since we're using imaging.

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Fanqi Qin: How does the image resolution would affect my quantification results, and if there is a variation among these results, how did that affect the simulated reaction.

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Fanqi Qin: So to answer that we did sm imaging of the same sample same same area, but with different resolution, to see if there is any difference in this quantification results.

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Fanqi Qin: So example used to in this study are from proxy.

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Fanqi Qin: Which is located at the camper pilot CO2 injection site a Mississippi the sample was first cut into.

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Fanqi Qin: It seem to action and we image it using scanning electron microscope backscatter ejector.

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Fanqi Qin: And the the segmentation the initial segmentation process of the image we're used to the method proposed in Peters 2009 and it's based on.

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Fanqi Qin: Basically, the differences in the pixel Gray scale intensity of different you know species and first we are segment pores and grains to calculate the prosperity.

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Fanqi Qin: To be around Point two five sorry a 25% actually and then, in order to know what this you know what it should be, you know great is we used to elemental.

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Fanqi Qin: eds elemental map.

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Fanqi Qin: To help us determine the mineral face and with all that information, we were able to create this immuno face segmented map.

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Fanqi Qin: We have, where we have identified six middle phase and maps them in different colors and from here.

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Fanqi Qin: We can do some quantification of the mineral properties, including abundance, which is calculated by accounting all the minerals pixel in with the same color.

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Fanqi Qin: And also accessibility, which is calculated by counting the mineral pixels that are Jason to a poor pixel and, of course, accessible surface area.

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Fanqi Qin: which will require a 3D image and I will talk about that in just a minute and, as I mentioned, we did some image processing of the same area or with different resolutions.

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Fanqi Qin: And here are the the processed image and, as you can see, they do look very, very close, but However, if you zoom in in some of the regions, especially.

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Fanqi Qin: Those minerals that has a lot of small scale features such as clay here as tight as my example, and you can see that you look very different under.

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Fanqi Qin: Different resolutions and another example is it's a mask of migraine, as the resolution decreases you can see some of the pores there are supposed to be accessible or longer accessible anymore, so we would expect to see some variation in the results and let's take a look at the results.

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Fanqi Qin: First, for.

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Fanqi Qin: abundance and prosperity it actually turns turns out agrees relatively well with changing resolutions so with this resolution ranch consider here the the value determine from image doesn't really vary a lot so.

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Fanqi Qin: But however for mineral access abilities, we find out that as image resolution decreases we notice the decrease the accessibility of smack type.

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Fanqi Qin: Then this result in the increase of the accessibility of course and how would that impact the accessible surface area so to calculate that.

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Fanqi Qin: We use the method proposed in natural at all 2012 so the basic idea is to crop a little cube.

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Fanqi Qin: The one on the right from the book the right on the on the left, so this cube would have the same total area as the 2d image we just talked about.

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Fanqi Qin: And would find all the CONNECT region within this cube in the dark red color and calculate this connected surface area then multiply that by accessibility that's how we get accessible a surface area.

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Fanqi Qin: by looking at the data we do see some variation was changing resolutions, however, all these variations are within one order of magnitude.

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Fanqi Qin: Still, what we don't know is.

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Fanqi Qin: How do such observed variation in the middle accessible surface area would affect the simulated simulated reactions and.

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Fanqi Qin: Furthermore, what if we use surface area from other sources such as geometric surface area and BT specific surface area.

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Fanqi Qin: How would that impact our results and the approach to answer this is, we did some reactive transport modeling on to simulate these CO2 Brian interactions on the reservoir conditions, and we were using different surface area values from different sources.

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Fanqi Qin: So the model here's the simple diagram of what the model is the model was built in in control composed of two cells, the first cell is a ghost cell.

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Fanqi Qin: And it has CO2 saturate Brian and which is constantly flowing into the second sale, which has mineral and Brian the simulation condition is it mimicking the reservoir condition 50 degrees of temperature and 161 63 bar pressure.

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Fanqi Qin: And what we are putting here is the evolution of moore's law infraction and prosperity over to.

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Fanqi Qin: Time duration.

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Fanqi Qin: Why is 170 hours about a week typically typical for a lab scout experiment and the other one is 7300 days, which is 20 years representing the geological time Scott.

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Fanqi Qin: And, and we are using three sets of surface area valleys, so its first is accessible, Sir, Sir, from the imaging we just talked about.

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Fanqi Qin: one set of high resolution image value and one set of low values, a second set is geometric surface area also one set of high values when cerebral all values.

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Fanqi Qin: And these values are typically wanted two orders of magnitude higher than accessible surface area and the last is.

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Fanqi Qin: The BT specific scripts that we collected from the literature and these values are typically two to five orders of magnitude higher than the accessible surface area.

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Fanqi Qin: And next hour shows results by comparing this to a simulation it's a comparing to simulations and using the accessible sort of Syria determine from imaging to see.

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Fanqi Qin: If there is any impact of image resolution on the simulator reactions, so the results are the.

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Fanqi Qin: The simulation results that utilize data from this high resolution image or plot it using solid line and the lower resolution image are using the dashed line if you don't see any additional line means they overlap so as we can see.

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Fanqi Qin: In both this short time period and this longer time period the variation among this to simulations are very small, which indicates the impact of image resolution.

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Fanqi Qin: On on this similar reactions is small and what is happening here is in what, in the first 170 hours, only the carbonate phase dissolves.

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Fanqi Qin: calcite sit right the the black and purple line and over a longer period of time, these two phase would be gone very beginning and we start to see other face to face to have reaction happening smack tidy solution okay Spar dissolution mosque of it solution.

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Fanqi Qin: And also, we are seeing a presentation of I sigh oh two phase, which is most likely to be a cow say Tony.

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Fanqi Qin: and prosperity on doing what first 170 hours into increased from 25% to 330 3% mainly due to the dissolution of carbonate face and in there longer times.

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Fanqi Qin: Initially, increased to 34% but it gradually decreases to 28 and 33% due to the precipitation of si O to face, but overall impact of image resolution on simulated reactions are very small.

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Fanqi Qin: Then.

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Fanqi Qin: What about, we would, if we reuse a geometric surface area or vtt specific surface area which is like they're already available in the literature, so that by doing that it could save you a lot of time.

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Fanqi Qin: So comparing on on these simulations to the image based simulations, we can see that, in this first 170 hours for calcite with varying values.

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Fanqi Qin: Very surface area values it doesn't seem to have much difference, but however separate the purple line we do see some differences and over a longer period of time.

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Fanqi Qin: With this.

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Fanqi Qin: A lot of variation in disruption values we start to see things to be to be totally different.

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Fanqi Qin: and

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Fanqi Qin: And with that prostate prostate evolution in the in the one first 170 hours is is it's on it actually grease pretty well, however, for over a longer period of time due to this.

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Fanqi Qin: Very different decision pattern.

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Fanqi Qin: That that evolution of frosties are really different.

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Fanqi Qin: And I have made this table to To summarize, where I have learned from from this, so the F characterized the minerals into this.

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Fanqi Qin: Category reactive mineral carbonate kelton it's the right and some relatively more stable phase and here is the surface area variation in order of magnitude how how how how wide the range is, and this is the impact of this variation on similar results so.

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Fanqi Qin: I guess the takeaway message from this study is to access things doing image, processing and to get this accessible surface area.

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Fanqi Qin: Is takes a lot of time it's very time consuming, and it has very high competition at cost.

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Fanqi Qin: So we want to know, like when should we do this, and we should we should we shouldn't we do this, for example, if you're a simulation interest are just 10s of hours, then.

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Fanqi Qin: Getting car values for this more stable phase from literature like, no matter what range you picked which should you should still give you a very good results.

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Fanqi Qin: What really matters are disruptive face and vice versa, if you're a simulation interests are like hundreds of days were 10 years, then, then.

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Fanqi Qin: Then, for the reaction of this very reactive interface.

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Fanqi Qin: Probably doesn't matter that much and experience from here if you're wanting to do like a few scale like very large scale, a model than this piece of information will be very helpful to help you.

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Fanqi Qin: select the right value and save you a lot of time and then I like to thank.

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Fanqi Qin: department energy to support my image part of my work and National Science Foundation to support so analysis of surface area below evolution part and I will like to take any questions if you have any Thank you.

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Lauren Beckingham: Thank you punchy we have time for questions.

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Richard Esposito: like this is Richard Esposito i'll ask a question um do you anticipate any additional dissolution and the reservoir of the calcite changing any of your models with CO2 injection or is that not some is that something you can even predict at this point.

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Fanqi Qin: I think it's predictable I don't think so there will be on precipitation of calcite.

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Fanqi Qin: near the ejection well well well where you have a lot of CO2 dissolve into this Brian but i'm like if your location is far away from the well then that's a different story because.

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Fanqi Qin: That the cancer, the Brian chemistry on that flows to the longer over a longer distance would change and and the preservation of cal said is possible, I would say.

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Fanqi Qin: But that would require on.

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Fanqi Qin: More like precise a model of these kind of saying.

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Richard Esposito: What about this solution of calcite that's already in the formation.

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Fanqi Qin: um What do you mean you.

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Fanqi Qin: can't can't say that again.

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Fanqi Qin: My solution, of course I.

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Richard Esposito: Go to slide that showed some calcite that exists, I mean it's mostly a court sandstone right it's got some other things, but.

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The calcite that's in the formation.

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Richard Esposito: Would it would there be any dissolution of that from the CO2 plume changing porosity and permeability.

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Fanqi Qin: yeah I think the.

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Fanqi Qin: At this plume migration front, there will be.

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Fanqi Qin: calcite dissolution of course because it's very acidic it has a lot lot large amount of CO2 um but on I remember reading a paper about that's like a mountain well um I don't remember the distance, but like if you move far away from the injection well they do.

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Fanqi Qin: Did you see a calcite precipitation.

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Lauren Beckingham: Okay, thank you very much, we need to move to our next speaker thanks for the great talk punchy.

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Lauren Beckingham: Our next speaker is olivia brown Homer from auburn university.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Everyone see my screen.

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Fanqi Qin: Yes, yes.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: i'm.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: So, my name is olivia beekeeper like Dr Jenkins said i'm in my last semester of my master's degree at auburn.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And i'm going to be talking about the role of mineralogy and controlling fracture formation so some motivation behind this work is the mineralogy importance and CO2 systems.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Specifically in fractures the mineralogy present at the fracture surface is going to be controlling the precipitation and dissolution reactions.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And how the fracture evolves over time, in terms of permeability and aperture and so not only is this dependent on just the mineral abundance, but also the distribution, so I have some figures from smokers at all.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Showing.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: The.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Change and transmit city, based on the distribution.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: reactive and non reactive phases.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so the question i'm trying to answer with this work is will fractures form preferentially in some mineral mineral interfaces.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: such as the fracture surface will have a mineral distribution distinct from the surrounding rock matrix, and so my hypothesis for this work is that fractures might follow a path of least resistance and part of that comes from.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Yun at all.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so, shown in this figure.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: They fractured mancos shale cores and noticed that the fractures propagated between.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: These court screens, but through the weaker clay region so that might be what.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: You would expect.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: But the experimental procedure, we took to show chorus from different formations we had one from the mancos formation in the western us.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And one from the merciless formation in the northeastern United States and we made a fracture by unconfined compression and then stop that once an initial fractured form.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Once we had a relatively smooth fracture surface suitable for imaging we looked at them using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersal spectroscopy so that we could quantify the mineralogy at the fracture surface.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And then, once we got those images we epoxy the cores back together and got thin sections made parallel and perpendicular to the fracture so that we could compare the matrix mineralogy with the fracture surface mineralogy and then with the remaining.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: pieces of the core from the thin sections we performed X Ray powder diffraction to get mineralogy at the bulk sample and that's shown in the table in the right.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And then on the mancos formation, we perform two point auto correlation analysis to quantify the mineral distribution.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: and compare the matrix and the fracture surface.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: So these are the two samples that we're looking at the mancos you can see, has two noticeably distinct layers, and so we have a dark area and a light area.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so we took four images of this fracture surface, so that we could get the mineral distribution of each area and you'll notice that.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: For both samples, we took an image directly the images directly across from each other on the different sides of the fracture so that we can look at the fracture interface, and what minerals, specifically the fracture formed within.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so i'm going to first talk about the marcellus sample.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: From the X RD and, as you can see from just the picture of.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Of the sample it's relatively homogenous so A and B are of the fracture surface and then C and D C is.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: The cross section of the fracture that we image and then D is parallel to the fracture and what we found is that the X RD the surface mineralogy and the matrix mineralogy are all consistent and all over 94% calcite.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: um so we wanted to look at the interface of the sample so to do this, we took each image of the fractured surface one of them was flipped and then we went through pixel by pixel and counted.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: What mineral phase is President at that location on each side so i'm that data is given in this table at the bottom, so the columns represent the mineralogy.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Of side a and then there's some at the bottom to equal the total mineralogy that side, and then the Rose represent the mineralogy at side be where.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: This last column is the total mineralogy of that side, and so we found that 94% of the fracture interface was calcite, which is so consistent with what we were seeing in our or abundances that we calculated.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: So i'm moving on to the mancos sample, which is much more interesting.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: These are the resulting mineral maps.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: So A and B are of the two light areas and C and D are the two dark areas, so what we noticed with the light areas is that there's significantly higher calcite content.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And kaolin I content than expected from xrp with a little bit less courts and so we're going to be referring to that area as courts calcite clay or QC see and then.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: The dark areas are very high in play content 71 and almost 80% so those we're going to be referring to as.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Our clay rich areas.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: So we performed the fracture interface analysis on these samples as well, and for the light QC area, we found that.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: The fracture occur predominantly at kaolin eight interfaces either courts killing it killing it killing night or calcite key all night and then those are followed by courts calcite quartz quartz and kelsey kelsey.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And they're highlighted in the table, if you will see switch sides but um and then for the dark area.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: We found that 56.5% of the fracture occurred at K on IQ only interfaces followed by 13.8% court scale night so for both areas K O night is.

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Bill: Significantly under.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: The fracture surface, followed by courts.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so that, so we have the mineralogy like abundance of the fracture surface for both areas, so we also wanted to look at.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: The abundance of those areas on the fracture surface, so we use optical microscopy to look at the fracture surface and then we threshold in.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: The different areas so from that we found that about 71% of the surface is our play rich area and then 29% is the our QC see area, and then we also did.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: A interface analysis on these images so that's shown on the left, where the fracture occurred predominantly at a dark dark interface, and then followed by dark light.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: But overall, our fracture is significantly rich and clay compared to the bulk mineralogy.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: This is, then, our SEM eater our process mineral maps for the make the matrix so figure, he is the Cross section of the fracture so the fracture in the Center is what we got our surface images from and then.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: F is taken parallel to the fracture, and so what we found by comparing.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: The abundance in the matrix to the X or D in the surface is that, for our matrix our carbon at content is more consistent with X RD than what we found on the surface and.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: We also see in our near fracture matrix here that this kind of this small grained layer that's more rich and play just surrounding the fracture so that is.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: kind of further showing that the fracture did form within a clay rich region and that might explain our high clay content in that area, but then in.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Our parallel to fracture surface area, we also see pretty high content, then that might be due to just the heterogeneity of the sample and are thin section being taken in a more clear rich region.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: So then moving on to the auto correlation work.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: This was performed, with the help of Lawrence and of it, and so we took our.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: process mineral maps and made binaries so we separated them into groups, so we had a binary where zero represents the force base.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And then white represents everything else, and we also did that, for our carbon at phases or clay phases courts, and then we had an other group for comparison as well, and so.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: What we did for this area in particular, because we wanted to look both along the fracture and across it into the matrix so i'm in the example of like these graphs here where they're normalized with respect to pores.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Are we started with one point of the line and on a poor pixel and then our second point ended at some distance in either direction.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: At a different mineral phase, and so, then we calculate the probability that our line will have both points on a per pixel or both points on a per pixel and.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Something else and so that was done, not just for pixels but also for carbonate clay courts and other and then we got.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: These graphs on the right so from here, we found that clay and courts are more likely to be near the fracture it short distances for both cases so i'm looking at our poor clay in our courts.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: curves at smaller distances, we see that the probability of occurrence is much higher than.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Other and carbon it and so to quantify this better we looked at going into the fracture so in this direction or i'm sorry into the matrix.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And where our carbon it starts to correlate with force at around 18 microns We found that clay is 18.9 times more likely to be President than carbon it, even though, in this specific image clay content is only 1.7 times greater than carbon content.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And then that probability increases as our distance decreases.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: So um so play is more likely to be present near the fracture and then we also noticed that the distribution doesn't become random until around 200 microns so um where our.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: curve start to converge, is where we can assume there's no more correlation, and so we have a random distribution, and so, because.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: It starts our.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Our poor other and our covenant are starting to catch up with.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Our other two curves and they're all converging we would estimate that that means our clay rich region surrounding the fracture here is about 400 microns wide.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: So we also performed a lot of correlation analysis on the fracture surface and our other matrix area, but instead of doing it in two directions, we looked at these areas, really.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so what we found here is that the fracture surface there's a wider range of permanent area sizes and so we're looking at the blue carbon carbon at curve.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: We see in the matrix parallel to fracture we see there's a pretty significant like distinct bend right here, and so in our single phase correlation that.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: suggests the average screen size, but when we look at that curve for our fracture surface the bend is a lot less distinct suggesting that.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: there's a less certain area size of carbon and minerals.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so we also noticed that courts and clay is more uniformly distributed at the fracture surface than in the matrix, and that is based on the flatness of the curves that we see.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: In the surface, compared to the matrix and also in our matrix.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Our cross correlation curves always become random so they converge and that's where there's no more correlation like we mentioned in the last slide.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: However, in the fracture surface that's not necessarily the case, especially its most easily noticeable here and that could be because of the size of the area or an outlier or just that the fracture surface is might have a less random distribution in the matrix.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so, some conclusions from this work for the marcellus sample the sample is very homogenous the fracture surface matrix and what mineralogy are all calcite dominated.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And so we can't really make any assumptions as to fracture formation and.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: neurology but for the mango sample We found that the fracture surface has significantly more content than we would expect from the X 30.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: So, on average, based on the percentages on the surface, the fracture surface in total has 64.4% clay compared to 18.5% in the X RD.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And i'm from our auto correlation data, we found that just beyond the fracture surface clays 18.7 times more likely to be present in carbon it, even though clay abundance is only 1.7 times of carbon.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And then.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: We also noticed that the clay rich species extends about 200 microns into the matrix just beyond the fracture surface, so we do have a distinct clay rich region there.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And some implications for what this might mean is that fractures will follow a path of least resistance by forming predominantly through.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: Like the weakest unit in this case is our play rich with a fishy and also that a portion of the fracture will be highly reactive, so we had.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: The 29% calcite in our key CC region, which covered about 29% of the fracture surface and so that could result in very dissolution across the surface, potentially, creating high permeability pathways into the matrix as opposed to just along the fracture.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And I would like to thank the donors of the American chemical society petroleum research fun for helping support this research, as well as my research group.

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Olivia Brunhoeber: And i'd be happy to take any questions.

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Lauren Beckingham: Thank you olivia we have a couple minutes for questions.

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Lauren Beckingham: If there aren't any questions, then we can transition to the next speaker thanks for your talk with you.

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Lauren Beckingham: Our next speaker is Jesse.

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Lauren Beckingham: From auburn university.

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Chidera Iloejesi: yeah.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So good afternoon everyone.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Thank you for being present for this part of my presentation.

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Chidera Iloejesi: My name is Jared You see, I mean goodness events in the department of civil engineering company university whatnot that.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Are in becky home, so too, they are we talking about it, your chemical study of exposes you to special gas and compressed register system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So the main motivation behind this work is trying to understand the idea of using CO2 as complex as Christian gas in Congress and he started system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So from this side you'll see that when you evaluate the capacity of.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Various storage options on again looking at the rate of the storage option you'll see that this compressor energy storage system is up there, as one of the high capacity and locked in.

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Chidera Iloejesi: energy storage option, but one of the challenges that this technology has is the fact that its efficiency is not so high, so the efficiency of the technology ranges between somewhere for 5% to 70%, and this is what makes the idea of using CO2 in the system very interesting.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So here, you see a face diagram of CO2.

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Chidera Iloejesi: and other other gases that can be used in the source of a system but but squared CO2 you see that the typical data storage CO2 can exist, a supercritical food.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And when you have to a supercritical it has this complex booted that makes it very good with regards to preserve boss spaces and also controlling department, the pressure and the subsurface system, and this is particularly good for the energy storage system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So, and you said i'm trying to show a.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Cross section of a comparison adjuster system to have it how's your team is using this system, so what we're seeing here is a conditionally compensation system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So in this system typical, we have to gases that are used, which are called walking gas or the cushion gas.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Discussion gas and walking as can be the same gas oil can be different gases and.

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Chidera Iloejesi: In the case where they are two different gases, you have the cushion gas always there in the subsurface and walking Gus is recycled to generate electricity.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So here in this study we are volatilities where we use to to have gas, and in that case, what simply happens is that when you inject CO2 into the subsurface it creates different zones into salsify so.

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Chidera Iloejesi: First of all, there is this drought zone, which is pretty much without any Brian because the burnt offering pushed away the and there is a zone where you have the.

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Chidera Iloejesi: The burn and issue two interfaces and then there is a his own way, you have the CO2 dissolved into the brand and further away from the injection where you have the brand existing that as a single free.

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Chidera Iloejesi: But one of the challenges that we have in the system is the fact that we know that when you inject CO2 into the subsurface that CO2, one that goes on chemical reaction and.

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Chidera Iloejesi: This year's sunken cost, but this ocean on the persecution of minerals in the soil surface and this is a consigned to the idea of CO2 in the subsurface.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So, in order to understand how we can be able to to seo to in the source of is there are two questions that i've kind of very important to understand.

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Chidera Iloejesi: As far as we go into this and the two questions are trying to understand the impact of the food direction to the extent of digital chemical reaction in the corporate register system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Then also try to understand what is the impact of storage, that is starting to have to fit in this office before the initial registration process.

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Chidera Iloejesi: To do that we are using the camp apartments in Mississippi as a few case study on this and samples from the site has been studied by.

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Chidera Iloejesi: shane and beckenham in the 2019 planning chemical georgie so from this device they have ports to be a predominant phase in the sample.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And the couple of visits in could cause I don't see them right, then the other, so what I mean arts competition, what do you have a positive 24.4%, which is good for this technology.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And in trying to do the study we use a reactive transport modern software, called the coach for the cultural simple words.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Using the conservation of solid mass as the governing equation, and this is a parent or two words in our activity.

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Chidera Iloejesi: But one thing I want to point out in this study is that in our solution we focus in the gut decisions one, this is the zone where the CO2 burn.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And the CO2 and the brand is is a single phase, and we know that is in this face in this zone that we expect the Missouri activity going on in the system, because this is where you have the most acidic food.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So to do the solution we have to first of all study the impact of food are shown, which is trying to understand.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Now we're trying to compare the impact of the direction of injection so as I mentioned in the compressor industry system, you have this injection and destruction going on to generate electricity, but now will be comparing this.

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Chidera Iloejesi: condition with what happens during a CO2 sequestration projects.

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Chidera Iloejesi: or initiatives physician projects what isn't we have is constantly additional fields into the sorts of things, so we comparing these two scenarios using it for one study simulation for at 30 degrees centigrade 100 bar.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Then would know try to.

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Chidera Iloejesi: make a single cycle of CO2 injection to between four hours, why is single cycle of the individual instruction be to be divided into two of two hours of injection of a structure.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Then, once we are done with that study will try to focus on the impact of the operational schedules in the system and, in this case, we would try to extend the solution to 15 yesterday pure.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And if we extended submission to 15 years 30 beyond will still be doing at the distribution lots of water per john pressure conditions or 50 degrees centigrade hunger bar.

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Chidera Iloejesi: bar right now would be the vocally on a schedule for to differentiate the impact of storage and a continuous integration.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And in because in the storage scenario we have six our storage for your but now we have seven hours of injection and they have and also for structure, but for the continuous to schedule with steam intended to have hours of injection and estrogen.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So to do that, we developed a one dimensional model and in this model with descriptors if you tcm domain, so I was interviewed for seventh grade cells.

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Chidera Iloejesi: The The idea is that we have the first and the last grid sauce to serve as boundary cells or you could call them costs or.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So, in the first boundary, so we are submitting institution, where this is the sole most books mitts to the source of CO2 injection.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And is in this so that you have this you to grab a Great Britain CO2, we were to the burn an Indian that will use the ones model of.

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Chidera Iloejesi: CO2 so with into a species to submit that because it can accommodate high temperature and pressure conditions.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Then, in the last grid, so this is simply the dissolve where we submit the question of the end.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Of the effluent brain, which cannot be recycled for the additional instructions scenario.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So now, I will point out the difference between these two scenarios so for the injection only scenario which is Axial to superstition what you're having is the constant injection of CO2.

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Chidera Iloejesi: has to be five brand going across the domain there now for the individual instruction, which is for the energy storage system, you have an injection period, which goes in for 12 hours and being quoted as the downstream domain so and instructed from a lot of us.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And, before I go over to a spinner So what is the result for the storage scenario, I would point out the full conditions in the storage system so in the storage system, the major difference is that we have this period of.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Storage where there is no for condition going on in the system, so therefore in trying to understand the impact of the question is, can we are submitted a case where we are having.

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Chidera Iloejesi: A an injection period, followed by a new field condition during the storage than an instruction and we are comparing this with a constant ingestion of estrogen sister.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Again, our major area of interest is in the scene in the single phase on what we expected most reactivity in the process or not before.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So yeah the key parameters like I mentioned initially chillin Buckingham already did some study to have as attendees values of the surface area and the fraction, then this is obtained for.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Extra portion integration from.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Data on in literature.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So here, I will just use on the two cycles of of calcite on cosmic evolution, to explain what is going on in the system physical.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So we expect that in that single phase zone where we expect the most activity during the 12 hours of injection you have this rapid decision of cost item in our.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And these are the decision of contact me or with first of all let me just truck back a little bit, so I have three points where i'm trying to study this evolution.

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Chidera Iloejesi: which I call the upstream dimension and downstream, I can show you from the previous slide, so this is basically what I call the Austrian the midstream and the downstream some tracking these three points in the system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So, very close to the injection well what you notice is that the limited edition of acidify birthdays this rapid decision of cost side.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And these calls I dissolve the customer young Austrian and as a result, increasing the cost of my own downstream, and because of this you'll notice that would increase the cost of my own downstream.

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Chidera Iloejesi: which causes the saturation of the downstream conditional of costume is there is almost no decision of course sites downstream.

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Chidera Iloejesi: know you are within the 0.5 days, one day, we are undergoing construction period now in this instruction beyond we have instructed the burn which have been captured downstream and is going back into the domain doing a structure and indeed doing dispute we expect in high costume I don't.

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Chidera Iloejesi: burn to be going back into the domain and you see the high concentration of customer in the system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: During this instruction, we would have 0.5 to one day there was no cost, it does ocean going on, even upstream and downstream.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And again when you're going for the for the ingestion of CO2 as defined by me to the system we have that this bird is no big product we better but CO2.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And long been injected into the domain and again from this result wouldn't want to 1.5 day, we are not seeing much the social either upstream or downstream.

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Chidera Iloejesi: As you can see us what we didn't disappear, the customer concentration state stable and you could you could see the effects of as the fire burn and customer young in tapping into dictating the weight of activity into the system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: But now we'll take this whole process into the study period we found out something quite interesting.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And that is the fact that we construct our young, so what you're seeing here is our demeanor version over the four months study period and in the Austrian me in the.

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Chidera Iloejesi: slide what you're having is for the CEO to CEO questions or system, then the damn codes are for the initial instruction for region.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And this is the way it will fashion ports in the sense that, when you have values greater than one it simply choose a winner our perspective.

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Chidera Iloejesi: But when you have values, less than one it's simply shows that because I deserve it, so in this porch here for the international business scenario we have that within the few years of additional facility five grand in the suitors, which is our system very snappy decision of course sites.

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Chidera Iloejesi: And also, you will see that there is also continuous integration of severity, so this is our devotion which uses us senior puts in the system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Also, where you will see a constant evolution of Muscovites in the system and the most common the most common is that initial precipitates.

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Chidera Iloejesi: But at the moment there is a complete dissolution of cost is in the system, you to them muscovite studies overland That is why you do not see most providers ocean in the Austrian system.

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Chidera Iloejesi: Again in the system, you have a constant evolution of Smith tights which goes on at the various foods, but again, we didn't install it pure that we studied, we found out that.

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Chidera Iloejesi: quotes on the production thoughts per State festival in this full moon study period.

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Chidera Iloejesi: But in comparison to what is happening in the stooges, which is our system and what is happening, the energy storage system, which are the courts down, first of all it's pretty much shows that there is no much activity going on in the invitation and a structure for a gym.

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Chidera Iloejesi: So, but overall we see that at that initial points jerry's rapid cost side is ocean at often point but this course, I did not come to complete his ocean as well, again, this is she knows that there is.

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Chidera Iloejesi: There is limited to activity, then you would see that with Muscovites Muscovites pretty much maintain a film studios ocean waves across the domain.

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Chidera Iloejesi: As well as Smith tight, but again, you see that the rate of standardization in the system is very.

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Chidera Iloejesi: very small and you could attribute that to the fact that there is still some costs it in the system to both are the acidity of the system yeah for us, we are not experts in Moscow sites to dissolve in the system.

440
01:17:33.190 --> 01:17:42.070
Chidera Iloejesi: And you're very direct effect of we are to each of minerals, is what apple's repository So here we have the process in the system.

441
01:17:42.850 --> 01:17:52.960
Chidera Iloejesi: Again, I am presenting this data in the same format, just like the previous slide up there, we have what is happening in the CO2 sacrificial system.

442
01:17:53.500 --> 01:17:56.770
Chidera Iloejesi: And down there we have what is happening with energy storage system.

443
01:17:57.610 --> 01:18:14.830
Chidera Iloejesi: So now, with the process in the system, you have what is happening over time on your depth what is happening across the domain on your right so with what is happening over time, you would see that, over time, there is this rapid initial increasing process in the system.

444
01:18:16.030 --> 01:18:23.320
Chidera Iloejesi: For the CO2 sacrificial system and, over time, the positive just keeps increasing but I swear it.

445
01:18:24.640 --> 01:18:31.420
Chidera Iloejesi: And you could see over the domain that's the when you ingest you to into the system, so the CO2 is coming.

446
01:18:32.020 --> 01:18:41.710
Chidera Iloejesi: from left to right so as users come into the system, the additional pavle which you have here at home zero, this is the initial process in the system.

447
01:18:42.190 --> 01:18:52.450
Chidera Iloejesi: So when you increase the overall deposit it increases are the alerts and kind of drops, as you move into the domain and, as you keep increasing the.

448
01:18:52.990 --> 01:19:03.820
Chidera Iloejesi: Deposit increases and start dropping and you'll notice that at some point the positive increases to this to a point where it's kind of uniform increases.

449
01:19:04.390 --> 01:19:12.880
Chidera Iloejesi: or further information increases in the domain, but when you're comparing what is happening in injection or system with what is happening in ingestion of a structural system.

450
01:19:13.480 --> 01:19:21.610
Chidera Iloejesi: You see that in the json an instructional system there is this rapid initial increasing velocity near the injection world.

451
01:19:22.240 --> 01:19:29.170
Chidera Iloejesi: But there is this the beauty in positive ocean within the domain as you move as you move into the system.

452
01:19:29.800 --> 01:19:38.380
Chidera Iloejesi: So most port percent increase that we are seeing here is happening near the airport, so the domain is pretty much not evolving, as you will see in the.

453
01:19:38.680 --> 01:19:53.740
Chidera Iloejesi: CO2 sequestration system, and this is a good sign to the idea of you know sacred CO2 in as crucial gas in comparison energy storage system, then, now that I said, we also monitor the effect of the.

454
01:19:54.880 --> 01:20:09.640
Chidera Iloejesi: Operational schedule, and here we are trying to see a case where you are injectable estrogen CO2 steady and there is, it is where you would have some field when you started shooting into the formation and we focus on why, before you use it to generate electricity.

455
01:20:10.690 --> 01:20:19.390
Chidera Iloejesi: And here, you have because of the additional instruction for a job at the top, you have the injection story that instruction for a gym at the bottom.

456
01:20:19.780 --> 01:20:31.990
Chidera Iloejesi: So this is the one you have at the bottom is the plot for the storage case, then what you have at the top, is for the case for the continuous operational scandal.

457
01:20:32.920 --> 01:20:45.340
Chidera Iloejesi: Overall, I would say this first, there is no significant change due to the effect of storage, however, the effect of storage simply what is simply do is that it.

458
01:20:46.900 --> 01:21:06.730
Chidera Iloejesi: Change the rate of course site desertion in the system and those costs, etc, as well, so it affected the rate of Kabbalah desertion in the system where it cost this on informed decision rates are the two in the two boundary of the system and by the two boundaries, I mean a lot and.

459
01:21:07.750 --> 01:21:19.570
Chidera Iloejesi: I mean the upstream and downstream boundaries, so those going to what we are seeing in this slide here again, this is beautiful fashion thoughts were above one is precision do one is this ocean.

460
01:21:20.200 --> 01:21:28.270
Chidera Iloejesi: So here we still see the cost side dissolving completed in the upstream of the interest of the continuous schedule.

461
01:21:29.170 --> 01:21:40.150
Chidera Iloejesi: But at the downstream of the continuous can do, there is no completed the solution, but here we see that in the upstream of the storage schedule, there is no complete version of cost side.

462
01:21:40.660 --> 01:21:48.160
Chidera Iloejesi: Both in the downstream of the of the of the storage scheduled is completely solution so or they simply goes into.

463
01:21:48.940 --> 01:22:09.760
Chidera Iloejesi: The geochemical conditions arising from the fact that we have is seven hours of injection in the steroid scandal which does not increase the costume because my your concentration in the burn source that it was able to accommodate more concise desertion being a structure.

464
01:22:10.960 --> 01:22:17.620
Chidera Iloejesi: But in the continuous can do we have this constant injection we have this constant ingestion for 12 hours.

465
01:22:18.100 --> 01:22:27.340
Chidera Iloejesi: That saturate or nearly such with the consumer your concentration sources that there is limited edition of our sites and other companies doing this threshold.

466
01:22:27.730 --> 01:22:41.290
Chidera Iloejesi: And that is why we could have you know, complete the social doing the storage between doing continuous schedule, but here we have this and who preserved, overall, we see that similar decision factor for all the minerals and the system.

467
01:22:42.520 --> 01:22:49.450
Chidera Iloejesi: And because we have seen this security technical conditions as well with aspect in the sentence happen with Pearl city.

468
01:22:49.930 --> 01:23:00.880
Chidera Iloejesi: So repository of oceans pretty much without to be about the same thing and the difference in the patterns that we are seeing here is basically what is happening with the biggest.

469
01:23:01.750 --> 01:23:16.720
Chidera Iloejesi: Companies in the system, where there was initial couple it's the social in one sister, but we have our we have more discussion on the boundaries, and in conclusion, I would simply say that the initial illustration for Jim limits your activity but.

470
01:23:18.520 --> 01:23:28.660
Chidera Iloejesi: Again, when you talk about the storage pure storage area doesn't have any effect on the overall activity in the system, but otherwise we are seeing more activity at the boundaries of the system.

471
01:23:29.620 --> 01:23:34.690
Chidera Iloejesi: By implication Jimmy, this means that CO2 can be used as crucial does in comparison to the storage system.

472
01:23:35.410 --> 01:23:48.220
Chidera Iloejesi: And at this point, I will take everything off my research group for the increase in this walk as well as one university professor word for interdisciplinary research for funding dispatch and research, thank you.

473
01:23:51.730 --> 01:23:52.540
Chidera Iloejesi: questions.

474
01:23:54.310 --> 01:24:04.840
Lauren Beckingham: Thanks so much for your talk, unfortunately we don't have time for questions now, but I would encourage everyone if you have them, we can, maybe come back to this during our discussion period after.

475
01:24:05.380 --> 01:24:16.750
Lauren Beckingham: Our two posters so that was the end of our oral presentations we now have two posters and then discussion, so our first poster presenter is rian intimate from West Virginia.

476
01:24:25.630 --> 01:24:19.000
rhiannon: Hello um quick question um the email says that it would be like my poster presentation will just be played because it was a pre recorded.

477
01:24:19.001 --> 01:24:22.570
Lauren Beckingham: Okay, can you see the coaster.

478
01:24:22.990 --> 01:24:24.040
rhiannon: Yes, I can.

479
01:24:24.430 --> 01:24:26.500
Lauren Beckingham: Alright, great only, I will start this and just.

480
01:24:26.860 --> 01:24:28.690
Lauren Beckingham: Let me know if there's problems.

481
01:24:29.050 --> 01:24:37.930
Lauren Beckingham: My name is very interested in, are you in presenting on the assessment of the potential about the cells in the mid Atlantic region for a laundromat carbon dioxide sequestration.

482
01:24:38.290 --> 01:24:46.570
Lauren Beckingham: is obviously very important if we are to achieve the goals of peer support and wanted to global warming to less than two degrees Celsius.

483
01:24:47.380 --> 01:24:56.110
Lauren Beckingham: The reason this is super important is because the carbon cycle actually has a built in my time so really haven't seen.

484
01:24:57.040 --> 01:25:08.230
Lauren Beckingham: The consequences of all the things that we've already put in here, so we can no longer just rely on this now fossil fuel emissions we actually need to focus on.

485
01:25:08.860 --> 01:25:22.510
Lauren Beckingham: reducing emissions and we're moving to a different atmosphere, professional and this is done by dropping say to you in semi decent but issues with this info having a impermeable capra.

486
01:25:23.620 --> 01:25:31.660
Lauren Beckingham: maintained maintaining the integrity of that capital and monitoring the world's make sure this meeting is not really migrating to the surface.

487
01:25:32.830 --> 01:25:47.080
Lauren Beckingham: So we know from research that perfect was very successful and injecting CO2 into the salts which are completely identical to the database, which I will show with your emails.

488
01:25:48.370 --> 01:26:03.280
Lauren Beckingham: But their success rate was marvelous I believe it was around 97 and to be awful number percent of the theater they injected with marijuana within two years.

489
01:26:03.940 --> 01:26:28.630
Lauren Beckingham: So that is why we decided to give you the method that we chose, we are actually looking at reservoirs that are smaller and maybe not as good as these large assault preservers like in cortex, however, they are near source of CO2 emissions, so this could reduce the cost.

490
01:26:30.820 --> 01:26:37.840
Lauren Beckingham: going on to physical location on as you see in this map these smaller.

491
01:26:40.150 --> 01:26:41.380
Lauren Beckingham: insert map shows.

492
01:26:42.520 --> 01:26:50.500
Lauren Beckingham: Where Harrisburg PA is with a gold star, that is where I selected my course from the Pennsylvania geological survey.

493
01:26:51.700 --> 01:27:04.900
Lauren Beckingham: The Wagner is showing you where the course were originally drilled which the blue is dauphin county and the red is the orange county below that you'll see a picture of the dinosaurs you just give you an idea over.

494
01:27:06.430 --> 01:27:16.120
Lauren Beckingham: So firstly stand these colors using the medical CT scanner and the national energy technology laboratory in order to.

495
01:27:18.070 --> 01:27:31.900
Lauren Beckingham: here's just an image of how that works, we use those standards to create 3D volumetric representations of the course using image and we also use image shapely portraits portrait swans are just an.

496
01:27:33.580 --> 01:27:39.880
Lauren Beckingham: image, so you get to see the whole circumference of the Court sushi in the whole outside.

497
01:27:40.840 --> 01:28:00.700
Lauren Beckingham: After we did that leads me to check multicenter quarter to 10 data such as pure velocity gamma density magnetic susceptibility and it also has a built in purple xrs which we use to get chemical composition appear in my results, you can see all of that data with that.

498
01:28:02.140 --> 01:28:09.310
Lauren Beckingham: We see that my course Premier League consists of like almonds silicon aluminum calcium.

499
01:28:09.730 --> 01:28:23.200
Lauren Beckingham: iron titanium and then over on the end I have remaining percent which just shows that my cores we're about 97 or more percent of all of these elements.

500
01:28:24.010 --> 01:28:36.910
Lauren Beckingham: Unfortunately, we do not have magnesium which sucks because that is an important element for carbonate mineral visitation However, we believe that.

501
01:28:38.110 --> 01:28:47.260
Lauren Beckingham: He got in with the light omens typically the light element stream from killing all the way to sodium.

502
01:28:48.790 --> 01:28:58.120
Lauren Beckingham: magnesium is right there on the border and we believe it was long and so going into my conclusions in future work, basically, I just need to do more work.

503
01:28:59.200 --> 01:29:05.530
Lauren Beckingham: To find out all these cordially school so future work is going to include.

504
01:29:05.950 --> 01:29:16.870
Lauren Beckingham: Taking some samples of the dinosaurs crushing them and exposing them to aqueous you to testing with a pressure vessel at 100 degrees C and one of our pressure for 45 days.

505
01:29:17.290 --> 01:29:30.430
Lauren Beckingham: These are the conditions for where CO2 would theoretically be injected and where we expect carbonated minerals precipitate any precipitates will be analyzed to find out if they work for me.

506
01:29:31.660 --> 01:29:43.180
Lauren Beckingham: And then permeability test will also be performed to find out what type of field to storage methods, we would need to do if this is.

507
01:29:44.290 --> 01:29:45.070
Lauren Beckingham: Thank you.

508
01:29:54.730 --> 01:29:57.190
Lauren Beckingham: Okay, so we have time for a few questions.

509
01:30:03.490 --> 01:30:04.810
Lauren Beckingham: I have a question for you.

510
01:30:05.950 --> 01:30:15.070
Lauren Beckingham: Do you think it's possible that your magnesium was just President at I guess smaller resolutions or higher resolutions and you could see with this technique.

511
01:30:16.510 --> 01:30:19.780
rhiannon: I don't believe so, because.

512
01:30:21.760 --> 01:30:31.180
rhiannon: So, with the xrs you're getting at least the way that we did you have a measurement every six centimeters throughout the entire core.

513
01:30:31.720 --> 01:30:43.270
rhiannon: So whenever we got that data, some of the spots do have magnesium data it's just and they were in high quantities it's just the error was so high.

514
01:30:44.140 --> 01:30:59.020
rhiannon: That it was just unusable um and then a lot of the sample spots just didn't have anything is what it was saying, so I don't think that it's that um we would definitely need to do more work to figure that out.

515
01:31:02.020 --> 01:31:02.320
rhiannon: But.

516
01:31:06.400 --> 01:31:06.790
Thanks.

517
01:31:21.340 --> 01:31:22.600
Lauren Beckingham: There any other questions.

518
01:31:36.400 --> 01:31:40.960
Lauren Beckingham: Okay, then I think we'll transition and show our next poster and we can come.

519
01:31:40.960 --> 01:31:42.280
Lauren Beckingham: Back to.

520
01:31:43.150 --> 01:31:47.710
Lauren Beckingham: ask more questions in the discussion, if anything, comes up and.

521
01:31:49.870 --> 01:31:55.000
Lauren Beckingham: So our our next poster is from nor Lopez from auburn university.

522
01:31:55.001 --> 01:31:56.360
Lauren Beckingham: Okay, can you see the poster okay.

523
01:31:57.530 --> 01:31:58.700
Nora Lopez-Rivera: All right, yes, I can see it.

524
01:31:59.510 --> 01:31:59.780
Great.

525
01:32:02.870 --> 01:32:16.670
Lauren Beckingham: into our next presentation on the research side or potential client situation and the subsurface Southwest Alabama the tuscaloosa group has been recently.

526
01:32:17.720 --> 01:32:29.780
Lauren Beckingham: has been suggested to me to be an adequate candidate for privacy purposes, however, it is important to understand the consequences of injecting supercritical CO2.

527
01:32:30.290 --> 01:32:43.040
Lauren Beckingham: As well as to setting aside ecology and box that make part of this formation in this study we are specifically analyzing Greens information that was part of the tuscaloosa.

528
01:32:43.760 --> 01:32:55.550
Lauren Beckingham: Alabama and Greens Informations are abundant globally and are typically found institutions across these parts are associated with transcription events that occur during that time.

529
01:32:56.270 --> 01:33:04.100
Lauren Beckingham: Also, one of the main objectives of this research is not only to study the theology pathology and composition constructs.

530
01:33:04.580 --> 01:33:17.960
Lauren Beckingham: That make part of the tuscaloosa group, specifically in Southwest Alabama but to also understand the chemical reactions that occur between the supercritical CO2 and the screen cells found.

531
01:33:19.400 --> 01:33:30.740
Lauren Beckingham: The tuscaloosa before I jump into the methods and what have you found so far, the tuscaloosa group Southwest our band is divided into three and four more minutes.

532
01:33:31.220 --> 01:33:42.590
Lauren Beckingham: To tuscaloosa TV shows, and the other testimonies of our students in the search such a rapid column here glow tuscaloosa it's mostly made up made up of air and.

533
01:33:43.220 --> 01:34:00.140
Lauren Beckingham: Then we have on top of that shares, which is mostly made up so basically rocks and previously said Christians have also suggested that it contains organic content and the other testing side, which is mostly made up Internet sensors and quite.

534
01:34:01.430 --> 01:34:03.200
Lauren Beckingham: Now for this study We selected.

535
01:34:04.340 --> 01:34:19.790
Lauren Beckingham: samples from the Julian admin which is located at another county South Alabama and these samples, are you self service logical changes right textural characteristics mineralogy observe any.

536
01:34:20.390 --> 01:34:31.430
Lauren Beckingham: restrictions for the changes in texture and analogy in relations to some electronic locks that were selected also from the geological survey of album.

537
01:34:32.510 --> 01:34:55.160
Lauren Beckingham: We also make concessions for collecting samples are the analysis to understand better the body composition and also on gold conduct some of the samples, and we did backscatter imaging to better understand the typography and the geometry of the brains on make up part of the sensors.

538
01:34:56.720 --> 01:35:07.910
Lauren Beckingham: And figure to, we can see two sets of the sections which, which shall serve able to serve on the screens, and this was pretty consistent throughout the entire for.

539
01:35:08.330 --> 01:35:29.660
Lauren Beckingham: The sections also show a cement, which is holding some of the brains together now, this one is interpreted to be mostly made up of humans and claim liberals and there was also provided on demand, but it was not very common in the Court again this is mostly.

540
01:35:30.890 --> 01:35:43.100
Lauren Beckingham: found, then what is the lead the other testimonies are part of the entire report also SDN images here, show that the geometry show the geometry of the grains.

541
01:35:44.300 --> 01:35:53.690
Lauren Beckingham: focusing more on the bottom right brains, the brains appear mostly as pilots, which is pretty common for the globe and is mostly.

542
01:35:54.560 --> 01:36:08.480
Lauren Beckingham: Mostly found shallower depth in the poor and I would also suggest that a formal environment suggesting a transformational event at the purpose of the excellent images was to observe again.

543
01:36:09.920 --> 01:36:17.930
Lauren Beckingham: Before ingesting and CO2 and that we have to inject in CO2, we could see the alterations that might have occurred.

544
01:36:19.190 --> 01:36:34.640
Lauren Beckingham: You know, after the CO2 has been injected so we want to focus on that chemical reaction and see how the block and I altars and it will affect the process of injecting supercritical CO2.

545
01:36:35.510 --> 01:36:43.100
Lauren Beckingham: And so far, the tuscaloosa groups office Alabama seems to be an ideal candidate for CO2 us previous studies have suggested.

546
01:36:43.610 --> 01:36:48.560
Lauren Beckingham: And it has an added that conversation that pressure and temperature conditions.

547
01:36:48.980 --> 01:37:05.930
Lauren Beckingham: About as I previously mentioned, this is still an ongoing project and the next step will be to study that chemical interaction between the samsung's supercritical CO2 this way to better determine if the tuscaloosa is indeed a good candidate for CO2.

548
01:37:07.190 --> 01:37:09.320
Lauren Beckingham: Thank you for joining us we take it.

549
01:37:13.760 --> 01:37:15.980
Lauren Beckingham: Okay, we have time for some questions.

550
01:37:25.190 --> 01:37:31.190
Lauren Beckingham: I have a question what kind of reactive minerals, do you think are present in the samples, you were looking at.

551
01:37:34.430 --> 01:37:36.500
Nora Lopez-Rivera: i'm sorry lauren can you repeat the question.

552
01:37:36.860 --> 01:37:43.400
Lauren Beckingham: Oh sure what what kinds of reactive phases, do you think are are present in the samples that you were looking at.

553
01:37:45.020 --> 01:37:58.670
Nora Lopez-Rivera: um I think the most abundant one will be the glock and I to sit right and that's the one we are trying to focus mostly on not sure if that answers your question yeah.

554
01:38:12.920 --> 01:38:15.350
Lauren Beckingham: Are there any other questions for Nora.

555
01:38:27.380 --> 01:38:29.750
Lauren Beckingham: Well Okay, I think, at this point, then.

556
01:38:31.550 --> 01:38:40.490
Lauren Beckingham: let's transition into our our discussion and thank you so much to all of our presenters we had some great talks and some great posters.

557
01:38:40.910 --> 01:38:56.900
Lauren Beckingham: And I think some kind of recurring themes among the presenters and if anybody has a point or something that has come up why you were watching the session today, please feel free to kind of bring that up.

558
01:38:57.770 --> 01:39:03.500
Lauren Beckingham: Now, or if you have you know any last questions for any of the speakers that you didn't get a chance to ask earlier.

559
01:39:20.300 --> 01:39:07.000
Lauren Beckingham: you're also welcome to put them in the chat.

560
01:39:07.001 --> 01:39:12.030
Lauren Beckingham: Do any of our speakers have some thoughts, based on the work you've maybe done so far.

561
01:39:17.070 --> 01:39:21.660
Chidera Iloejesi: yeah privacy that with each of the sites is very important to understand.

562
01:39:23.190 --> 01:39:35.250
Chidera Iloejesi: The mineral components of the sides which we've seen that in a couple of minerals, I think we were at a very fast, so the completion of coordinates mirrors will be very quick square to.

563
01:39:36.420 --> 01:39:42.030
Chidera Iloejesi: A certain in their activity on the sides because if they are so many cabinets, you could typically have.

564
01:39:43.470 --> 01:39:51.690
Chidera Iloejesi: So much increasing velocity which can go both ways for or against variability instead some cases, people have seen that with.

565
01:39:52.620 --> 01:40:02.790
Chidera Iloejesi: Large companies dissolution pair of boots increases, which is what we want in the system and in some cases will follow that switch couple of these ocean they of course on blockages which.

566
01:40:03.990 --> 01:40:21.600
Chidera Iloejesi: Are you know coconut song for mean portraits which is not good for the system so depending on what is happening or how this process goes on it's always a very good thing to understand, and that is why more in depth study of excited morning session.

567
01:40:27.000 --> 01:40:27.630
Thank you.

568
01:40:30.090 --> 01:40:30.870
Lauren Beckingham: Thanks today.

569
01:40:33.450 --> 01:40:49.200
Lauren Beckingham: I see that we have a question in the chat also glow kinetic sands quote typically deposited during cambrian cretaceous and centers xstrata is this just in general in this general area or worldwide If so, why these specific times.

570
01:40:56.610 --> 01:40:59.010
Lauren Beckingham: I think that's me is that maybe a question for Nora.

571
01:41:01.230 --> 01:41:09.930
Nora Lopez-Rivera: I think, so I can answer it um so what I believe, and what I from my understanding is that these.

572
01:41:11.280 --> 01:41:28.920
Nora Lopez-Rivera: Formation of green sands are worldwide, they are typically found in rocks from the cretaceous I am not sure why that specific time but I could have you know assume it was because of the change and sea level.

573
01:41:46.920 --> 01:41:55.590
Lauren Beckingham: Does anybody have any last thoughts or questions before I guess what we're still in the session today things you want to comment.

574
01:42:08.160 --> 01:42:17.880
Lauren Beckingham: there's a question for olivia do you expect the results from your study to be typical of most sales or just your unique samples.

575
01:42:20.370 --> 01:42:39.030
Olivia Brunhoeber: I think that if there's enough heterogeneity in the sample that this could be true for all sorts of rocks because i'm just the principle is that the weaker mineral phase will be more likely or the weaker mineral like layer will be.

576
01:42:40.140 --> 01:42:41.280
Olivia Brunhoeber: easier to fracture.

577
01:42:54.030 --> 01:43:00.000
Lauren Beckingham: there's a question for Sally asking what the injection rate was.

578
01:43:07.980 --> 01:43:11.790
Lauren Beckingham: i'm not sure if Sally is still in in the room, with us.

579
01:43:14.940 --> 01:43:16.230
Lauren Beckingham: It doesn't look like she's still here.

580
01:43:31.200 --> 01:43:48.600
Lauren Beckingham: Well, if there are not any other comments, and I would like to thank you all again for joining us this afternoon, was a really great series of of toxic posters from all of our presenters and I hope you all had a great time at the meeting this week and enjoy the rest of your evening.

581
01:43:49.890 --> 01:43:50.850
Nora Lopez-Rivera: Thank you lauren.

582
01:43:55.200 --> 01:43:51.000
Thank you.