RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Like you have a nice look like a nice home and a back nice backdrop behind you.
Willis Hames: Oh got a little.
Willis Hames: We had a really ratty back porch that was falling over.
Willis Hames: And this past year we decided to tear that often built up a race have built a race porch.
Willis Hames: A lot of dogs.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: I forget what kind of dogs, do you have.
Oh.
Willis Hames: they're actually my neighbors but we share a backyard and, at the moment i've got.
Willis Hames: An Australian shepherd and a great charity, yes, my neighbor behind me has a German shepherd and a dog so.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: What is it what's the breed of dog that you've had for years.
Willis Hames: Oh i'm a Boxer kind of guy but i'm.
Willis Hames: boxers.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: that's right.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: yeah wasn't it during the pandemic that you lost a dog or no.
Willis Hames: No, it was some.
Willis Hames: It was before that he might even have been.
Willis Hames: The fall of 2019 I think.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: I just remember that you said boxes, I was like I remember you specifically said, there was a breed that you really like.
Willis Hames: yeah I like boxers pretty well they they don't stay with us very long, though just about the time they get to be perfect, to the keel over.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: yeah yeah.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Good how was your anniversary dinner.
Willis Hames: It was very nice, thank you for asking it was.
Willis Hames: We went to a restaurant we haven't been to for many years Center new management and they didn't disappoint us it was all very good.
Willis Hames: yeah it was good.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: good to hear that those sweet little message you.
Willis Hames: well.
Willis Hames: She hasn't been i'm hoping, I can that's all pre recorded, if I can log in and let her listen later so i'll i'll score the points.
Willis Hames: Very.
Very cool.
Willis Hames: But you know I got choked up just for a second because I had this image in my head about.
Willis Hames: I see the room and the conference Center i've seen it all decorated before I noticed like to have people there and they will all go.
out.
Willis Hames: And you know we'll do that again another time.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: mm hmm.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Well, really great job so really nice closing remarks that was great it was live you hit.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Every person you needed to, so I think it was well said.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: yeah.
I.
Willis Hames: Conflicts is doing a great job, too, I hope I somehow got that at the end.
Willis Hames: yeah i've listed a couple of field trips this morning and participated and everyone seems.
Willis Hames: To be seems happy yeah.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: i'm Marilyn vogel did a great job wow first was really she did some impressive videos and Google earth and there's only about nine people on it, and nobody has questions you know, everybody was really quiet, but um.
what's.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: The arboretum.
Willis Hames: yeah so though Alabama rocks for chalks.
Willis Hames: Yes, yeah we've got a Q amp a to a company that tomorrow Is that correct.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: No, that was just she moved it she changed the date.
Willis Hames: of it.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Okay, so nothing's running tomorrow.
Willis Hames: Okay, good yeah.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: So, because the other one that was supposed to run tomorrow cancelled.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Was that James Dean D me and.
Willis Hames: Although yeah.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: trip was that type of for 10 was a title though hold on.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: The full line of flint.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: The fall into flint so that was James Dean Dean, I forget who else was on that, but they they canceled.
Willis Hames: well.
Willis Hames: I had emails from our co leaders, this morning, so I I think they'll be on in just a moment Okay, I have a support question I.
Bill Witherspoon: guess.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Which is that.
Bill Witherspoon: I don't seem to be able to bring up your video at this point is it as it stopped being offered by.
Bill Witherspoon: The way conflict says this setup because I was going to try to look at a couple of more things before you guys actually start.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: yeah should still be there you're logged in because he obviously joined this, let me just quickly hold on their supposed to leave it up.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: For.
Willis Hames: I can see the speaker myself.
Bill Witherspoon: It says has recordings.
Bill Witherspoon: And it says join now but that's all I see under the listing right now.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: So if you click on the actual title, it will take you to a new page where you can then view.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Okay, yes i'll be back.
Willis Hames: Sharif, that was a great talk yesterday I don't know if we've you gathered all of that data that was impressive.
Sharif Mustaque: Thank you, the claims.
Sharif Mustaque: Well, the garnet data is our company compilation of the previous work and the recent work that I have done.
Sharif Mustaque: Well, obviously it was.
Sharif Mustaque: About hundred 15 rains that I analyzed and within the last few days, it was about another hundred or more.
Willis Hames: that's terrific.
Sharif Mustaque: And we sent out nine samples for whole rock and actually the results came in this last Monday.
Willis Hames: Well that's timely.
Willis Hames: yeah well, a lot of things come together at the last minute, for me, too.
Sharif Mustaque: yeah.
Sharif Mustaque: And I was, I was like working.
Sharif Mustaque: throughout the week to compile that list the whole rock data and and and try to figure figure something out and and then the true Dean.
Sharif Mustaque: Obviously suggested some of the plots and and figures that he did in his research previously, so I was just like okay so let's let's try this and see what happens.
Willis Hames: Oh, it worked out very well.
Sharif Mustaque: yeah I was, I was really happy about to comment like right after the.
Sharif Mustaque: Presentation you say like great Joe and I was like he.
Willis Hames: added at an actual meeting, we would all be high five each other.
Sharif Mustaque: yeah.
Willis Hames: And we would go out someplace Nice and sit and talk for a while, so.
Willis Hames: Right, we need to make time to do that for ourselves, even as the weather gets Nice in the days ahead, I bet we could go sit outside and of recap, all of these events.
Sharif Mustaque: Right definitely.
Willis Hames: Terry have you enjoyed the meeting.
Willis Hames: you'll have to unmute.
Terry Vines: Yes, they have thoroughly enjoyed the meeting.
Willis Hames: that's great it's really great to see you and.
Terry Vines: I live says Hello.
Willis Hames: Good good alicia says hi to I told her last night that I got to see you.
Willis Hames: yeah yeah.
Terry Vines: You have i'm coming into semi retirement now and work, three days a week.
Terry Vines: Okay.
Terry Vines: I probably would have a.
Terry Vines: retired earlier, but we have a new X Ray fraction unit so that's gotten interested so stringing it out.
Willis Hames: I think that sounds great um I I just might fall off the turnip truck someday go 100% retirement, but I don't know we'll see.
Willis Hames: we'll see how it goes hey jack.
Jack Pashin: how's it going.
Willis Hames: Good good.
Jack Pashin: Good to see hey good to see you.
Jack Pashin: live and working and we're in good shape.
Willis Hames: We are we are.
Willis Hames: um.
Willis Hames: Those are some nice office digs you have is that work or home.
Willis Hames: hotel very good, very good.
Jack Pashin: Where i've been hiding for the last year, plus.
Willis Hames: I have.
Willis Hames: I was telling all three, I have a lot of dogs running around in the background, and none of them are mine, so I can't yell at them to shut up.
Jack Pashin: Okay, well, we have a one of my cats with us today, keeping her out of everyone's hair so she turns up.
Jack Pashin: know what happened.
Terry Vines: understand.
Terry Vines: Mines asleep in my lap so i'm good for now.
Jack Pashin: Okay, that is good.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: I also hear some there's a bird chirping somewhere and it's like sounds like a really interesting bird.
Willis Hames: It is i'm working on bird calls there, there are people that offers that are really, really good I think offered has someone who knows where i've rebuilt woodpeckers are, and you know there's supposedly extinct, and I think that's a current.
Willis Hames: I think the one you were hearing this sort of turtle turtle turtle.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Is your House bill or is that.
Willis Hames: It is actually have yeah usually call was shot guns and shoot it all the birds, but no i'm just kidding.
Willis Hames: that's wrong, now we really we try to put water and grow wild plants and things like that, just because they don't have any you know we.
Willis Hames: We, like the birds.
Willis Hames: yeah they're funny.
Jack Pashin: You guys are in full leaf.
Willis Hames: yeah it's coming long we're getting past the.
Willis Hames: lob lolly pine tree pollen which is like a real punch in the face.
Jack Pashin: I don't remember how we turn my driveway yellow.
Jack Pashin: yeah that's covered with it.
Willis Hames: that's a big rainstorms of that helps but it's people who collect rainwater just have to stop collecting the best advice is don't like right waterfall the pine trees are blooming because it's impossible to not get a ton of it.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: And Colorado we finally had all the snow melts and it's finally warm and sunny and just starting to get little bugs so finally starting to feel like spring again.
Willis Hames: that's great yeah.
Jack Pashin: we're just getting to where you can see the the leaves are coming out on the tree, some are half leaves some of them are just budding right now.
Jack Pashin: Which is interesting because you know, we have the exact same average temperatures as Alabama here in Oklahoma.
Willis Hames: I have a friend, that I visited who's at the University of Colorado boulder and his daughter.
Willis Hames: might have been about six she said at school that day they had a bear trill and and I said.
Willis Hames: In my best patronizing little child voice of beer trill oh my oh oh beer trill that must have been exciting it she just looked at me and said, we live in the mountains, we have bears.
Willis Hames: Is a little kid like.
Willis Hames: get over it.
Jack Pashin: Whenever I would visit rick and Kathy growing up in up in Colorado it, there is a grand lake and i'm just always be bears rummaging through the air.
Jack Pashin: They seem pretty friendly as bears go.
Willis Hames: They come at night in a block car doors.
Jack Pashin: With your hair all all kinds of.
Jack Pashin: My animals live up.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: We hill just in the foothills of.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: boulder and.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: I don't remember how many years ago, but they lead their car doors unlocked in a bear open the car and.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: kind of they shouldn't the bear didn't ruin the carpet got it really stinky and just kind of mess, with the car but luckily didn't destroy it.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: I think they've lost their cars now.
Willis Hames: yeah that's.
Willis Hames: We don't have anything like that here.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: yeah so you don't leave your car door unlocked instantly trashing your car if you live in the mountains, no.
Willis Hames: I think somebody came through our yard our neighborhood rubbishing for cigarettes what night.
Willis Hames: checking all the cars, but that have that was some years ago I don't have any problems.
Willis Hames: Dr team.
Ashraf Uddin: After haynes.
Jack Pashin: Nice is here.
Willis Hames: Great job, yesterday we enjoyed your talk very much.
Ashraf Uddin: Next time you give it a last one.
Sharif Mustaque: It was really interesting because the whole afternoon was talking about appalachians and then we suddenly move to the.
Sharif Mustaque: Other part of the.
Sharif Mustaque: and
Ashraf Uddin: opposite side.
yeah.
Willis Hames: well.
Sharif Mustaque: And and and I would, I would like to say that for him, it was well put like talk about appalachians and all the things that are happening in North America and then suddenly, the last two goes, all the way out, on the other side of the world and we talked about.
Sharif Mustaque: In Malaysia as we're talking about fallen basis, whereas in gone one, we are talking about integrating genetic basis so that's a that's a total difference in the in the session.
Willis Hames: But it was it came together well, I think it was so natural and frank at the sun.
Willis Hames: goddess off on a good start.
Ashraf Uddin: night with.
Willis Hames: um it was a very enjoyable more i'm gonna.
Ashraf Uddin: I need some of that information from us.
Jack Pashin: He was my Doc.
Jack Pashin: doctoral advisor.
Ashraf Uddin: Oh, you missed something good yesterday jack.
Ashraf Uddin: he's he's now timing, the classic way it is.
yeah.
Willis Hames: He was talking just trying to write down some of the key references and points.
Ashraf Uddin: yeah that would be interesting to kind of put some time frame on all of these.
Jack Pashin: Oh yeah We found that you know we're used to seeing black or your base and is kind of a timestamp on every deposition cycle, you could watch the base and evolve over time, then you can actually get a clue from fletcher where we're thrusting is occurring.
Jack Pashin: at different times from how the the DEMO Center changes it's geometry one thing you see again once you get your way, all the way up through all 13 cycles, you can see the base and really starting to narrow and crust weakening start losing crystal rigidity.
Jack Pashin: and classic lecture model.
Jack Pashin: But yeah frank's dealing with everything from you know the really penobscot peconic yeah and there are so many garage and he's now and.
Jack Pashin: In in the appalachians and timing is really different depending on where you are so so you know in some.
Jack Pashin: You know, things like to conduct acadian now a gaining apply over you know, in a general sense, but often things are very different depending where where you are.
Jack Pashin: Working out of paper I should have it out soon looking at timing thrusting and the frontal appalachians you know we using various.
Jack Pashin: techniques and others a range of strata graphic and thermal maturity data, you can use to figure out the sequence thrusting any other wiley Dome is the frontal most appalachian structures big angular unconformity right at the you know what used to be the new Miriam Westphalian bound.
Jack Pashin: And yeah to have that the thrust belt, especially the frontal thrust belt be that early flies in the face of everything.
Jack Pashin: And people know is common knowledge from the central and northern appalachians or it really looks like a late Pennsylvania permian mountain range, not an early pennsylvanian mountain range, so we are way earlier than everyone else in the south.
Willis Hames: I was impressed in.
Willis Hames: Dr this is talk about.
Willis Hames: In a sense.
Willis Hames: How how little of the section, the whole paleozoic section has really tight fossil control and he highlighted the ordovician and the graph to light so nations and age dating of the graduates and.
Willis Hames: But then you he went all the way up to Mississippi under the section before he really then began to point out, maybe it was Pennsylvania, and even before he highlighted, you know some real time points on the section and yeah I don't have as much.
Willis Hames: I know what the mechanics about those arguments, because the graph to light bearing shales art metamorphosed and things have been metamorphic faces have been dated there so that's kind of cool that you could date rocks that contain fossils directly.
Willis Hames: But.
Willis Hames: A lot of it's more difficult to reconstruct just because of this puzzle.
Jack Pashin: Right most most of it, you know, there are a few Benton nights that are dated mainly in your division and mississippian.
Jack Pashin: and beyond that you know, in terms of where you are in North American stages you're generally.
Jack Pashin: Generally pretty secure, but how they actually go back to global strategy types and things like that, and how the geo chronology ties and you realize that most sedimentary basins are held together by relatively little yeah.
Willis Hames: Well, well, it that spirit, then Dr passion, I wonder if I may ask a question of something that you that you've worked on.
Video.
Willis Hames: In the.
Willis Hames: In the Allen core and Mississippi, there is the Ashley or that you collected and saved and now the whole world knows how Gretchen you were with.
Jack Pashin: Giving I caught that.
We were like.
Willis Hames: Not.
Willis Hames: So what's the context for the fall and she.
Willis Hames: That hosts that ash layer i've heard from you that it's a more marine section is there, I wonder if there could be something tectonically that could cause.
Willis Hames: A proper environment for carbonates to be developing there, I wonder if something's happening in the basement to favor carpet.
Willis Hames: In carbonate there, or what can you help us with the content.
Jack Pashin: Out there what got me into it is you know, there was a loan core drilled in very deep prob and.
Jack Pashin: In clay county Mississippi and coordinate the Mississippi survey contain the younger pottsville.
Jack Pashin: Then we saw anywhere about all we really know is it's above brooklyn colo zone, which is the youngest commonly mapped calls down and all the younger ones are in robins, but we know we have multiple.
Jack Pashin: That positional cycles above the brooklyn and in these robbins so I was at the Mississippi survey describing a core that was drilled if you read the old well lots looks like you have these big thick coal beds there's very little sandstone.
Jack Pashin: In the section and I went in logged it and found that they have the sections almost all marines are a few things sands and thick as coal was about four inches thick and.
Jack Pashin: The I saw this really peculiar.
Jack Pashin: brown clay layer
Jack Pashin: and
Jack Pashin: This is strange i've never seen anything like this and I took it and.
Jack Pashin: put it under took a sample put it under the microscope and saw you he drove by a tight in there.
Jack Pashin: And there were other you he'd run yeah talk to this gets into why was so stingy with the thing yeah I gave half of it to Marty gold Haber at the usgs.
Jack Pashin: And for them to today that and I never did, and he told me that not only is there you he drove by a type of Thursday, he drove felled Spar in there, he gave me the name of them some odd sort of.
Jack Pashin: sort of ortho plays in there wasn't sanity, but it was filled Spar i'd never heard of and then it's sat and then then when when we started collaborating that's when.
Jack Pashin: they'll can get this dated so I was finally willing to part with it on the contingency that we really get the numbers and we did, and you know that date came out the morning in.
Jack Pashin: Which is younger than anything anything we see, and you know, based on the detritus GEO chronology we get close, but you know the the ages in the sand stones you guys actually dated came within a couple of million years and showed it looks like we've got a muskogee in section.
Jack Pashin: Because we're probably going to believe the geo chronology a little bit more than the.
Jack Pashin: than the bios photography and that part of the section, but that part that area is really different because it's so far West it's getting close enough to the watch Tom baymon I think everything was just marine out there.
Jack Pashin: And we're we're kind of heading on in transition between the classic Cole bearing pottsville rocks were used to seeing exposed now Alabama.
Jack Pashin: To something that's a little bit closer to what we see in the watch a tall mountains we're not we're not near DC fan museum, but you don't have to go far before you're you're getting into upper slope type deposits.
Jack Pashin: So we're getting to the marine feather edge and the distal feather edge of any coastal deposits on the blackboard Facebook thing.
Willis Hames: Thanks.
Jack Pashin: Okay, well, one question that comes up is, of course I kind of cling to finding all these you know these late or divisions lorean.
Jack Pashin: micah is in the courts rich sands and then in the upper most sands, even the courts rich once we start getting more and more of an allegheny and component in there, although the economy doesn't go away until we're really into.
Jack Pashin: To the good flu veal sands, will the more lipsticks and So what do you think is going on there, why we have such a separation, to begin with, and then yeah where does the mixing come in, why does the mixing come in.
Willis Hames: I.
Willis Hames: We could advance up a couple of different.
Willis Hames: Explanations or hypotheses and.
Willis Hames: I think the one that I favor might be that.
Willis Hames: When we get to the upper part of the pennsylvanian section.
Willis Hames: That.
Willis Hames: rocks containing allocating micah are exposed.
Willis Hames: Approximately so that traverse transverse drainage just pick them up, but by that point they're also exposed.
Willis Hames: In what we would consider Virginia Pennsylvania, maybe even farther and we're whether the sands come from far away, or whether the sands come from nearby.
Willis Hames: Whether their list there are nights or or coursera nights everything is going to have a big allegheny and signature.
Willis Hames: At that later stage it's like i'm some part of inappropriate and all the actors are all the stage and screaming and singing really loud it's the allegheny and is in full swing and really developed even farther North work so every.
Willis Hames: Every supply every everything that's coming in, it has allegheny and micah um.
Willis Hames: But deeper in the section, the thing that shocks me V, is that our sample which you helped correct in the upper brookwood.
Jack Pashin: During the parkland yeah.
Willis Hames: The park would in the upper park with that sexually lower Pennsylvania and.
Willis Hames: That sample has three principal modes, including of 325 like mode so so the alligator and source terrains were always there the whole time it's just that we preferentially sampled them in different times from.
Willis Hames: It the basin and.
Willis Hames: Either we can never say statistically that something wasn't there.
Willis Hames: We can we can say, while 95% of mica being supplied doesn't show it, but that just might mean we're getting all a whole lot of micah from something and it's overcoming the other signals.
Jack Pashin: Something that really struck me in the Alabama appalachians is when you know mark skelton pole was getting a lot of Radio metric dating.
Jack Pashin: The talladega belton Piedmont, he was coming up with all kinds of 320 class ages in you know kind of the medial thrust felt, you know end of the the blue Ridge type rocks and.
Jack Pashin: And into the the outer Piedmont, but when you get into the inner Piedmont that's when we started seeing those permian ages and there wasn't much between I was wondering if in other parts of the appalachians we're seeing these 320 class ages, or is that an Alabama thing.
I.
Willis Hames: Think I think those those continue northward.
Willis Hames: It becomes a little tricky because.
Willis Hames: A lot of the work that's been done to sample shifts and.
Willis Hames: metamorphic a simple touches with Mike is a lot of that work has been bulk sample which tends to.
Willis Hames: What you get and there's more recent work that's being done that allows us to see um.
Willis Hames: I think.
Willis Hames: Around.
Willis Hames: i've done a little bit of to try to work with Scott sampson in the.
Willis Hames: French broad River region around dash and metamorphic dating but Dave Dom or around the astronauts comes to mind, and there would you get to some of the luminous high grade rocks they've got 320 like ages, even for the bulk samples so.
Willis Hames: The.
Willis Hames: Those ages to occur elegant that ella ella ghanian goes farther North it probably doesn't stop in North Carolina we just have not looked carefully and subtly enough to understand the metamorphic rock Virginia as well yeah.
Jack Pashin: doesn't yet another tricky things is the only place we see things that look anything like what we're seeing in the pottsville.
Jack Pashin: Is yeah Southwest Virginia and southern West Virginia get it, but.
Jack Pashin: A bit of a low lower Pennsylvania classic wedge and the pocahontas and new river groups which are always thought to be equivalent to the Alabama pottsville.
Jack Pashin: And then the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, is the other one and most places, you know much of the appalachian base, and you have very little you know early Pennsylvania section generally have the middle Pennsylvania and sitting on the Mississippi and older.
Ashraf Uddin: Oh you're muted.
Jack Pashin: Your audio dropped out.
Willis Hames: Ah that's really cool but i'm just noting bill witherspoon.
Has a question.
Bill Witherspoon: yeah I just I I went away and came back at right at three o'clock and you guys were talking about constraints on the ages of crusting and I.
Bill Witherspoon: And I haven't seen the whole field trip either so could, could you go back over, are there any new constraints on on the age of valley and rich trust trusting.
Bill Witherspoon: That came out of what you guys did.
Bill Witherspoon: Were you discussing from somewhere else but but anyway, what what should I know about about a two family and rich source team now.
Willis Hames: I wonder i'm.
Willis Hames: jack What if you'd run with that from the base and perspective first let's pay out.
Jack Pashin: From the base and perspective, you know the age of the thrust Belt is always been an interesting topic because you know general ideas of the allegheny and around me are younger than.
Jack Pashin: than what we see in Alabama and what we see obviously from the forum basins, so there, there are two things that really strike me on on age of thrusting The first thing is.
Jack Pashin: When we look at the geo chronology of the MIC isn't sand stones, the fact that we get about as young as the sand stones there we go you're getting ages and the you know the three tend to 325 range really.
Jack Pashin: Quite commonly which historically based on bias for charity that's even younger than Sam stones, which is physically impossible.
Jack Pashin: Now, the most recent work it's you know outside of what was presented in the field trip, but just a lot of the work i've done over the in the Alabama with rust belt over the years.
Jack Pashin: And the first indication that thrusting one is active in the distal for Ireland early was looking at the oak grove cold bed methane field where there's oil field well spacing.
Jack Pashin: Over the sasquatch yeti climb their growth strata, and the strat are thinner on top of the anti climb that on the flanks and.
Jack Pashin: The coal is much thinner on top of the anti Klein and they're just a lot of structural patterns that show that it was active during pottsville deposition definitely from.
Jack Pashin: From black creek through through rookwood deposition so the entire upper pottsville and then a little bit later look farther in board at the Kaaba coalfield and there no obvious growth strata.
Jack Pashin: But look at the victory night reflectance and volatile matter data we have tons of thermal maturity data from the coal that show us that the.
Jack Pashin: The want the lines of equal thermal maturity are folded but not as much as the strata so post since post sedimentary but you know, during folding during the burial.
Jack Pashin: And, most recently, there was a gas field develop on an old structure guy named john Hopkins in 1917 recognize the structure called the wily don't, which is a four way.
Jack Pashin: Structural closure in the heart of the black, for your basin and seismic has been shot over it, since it got drilled and they actually produce gas in the 19 1960s from there and.
Jack Pashin: More recently, when gas prices were high people drilled 15 wells in there and define the structure and there is a vertical for limb.
Jack Pashin: structure and angular unconformity that puts very gently deformed pottsville on top of much more intensely deformed park would and younger rocks.
Jack Pashin: And it looks like this structure goes far along strike there's just a little combination that made that shallow and climb.
Jack Pashin: That Hopkins saw to see an angular unconformity in the front most structure of the origin both concealed below what we would generally call the allegheny and plastic web shows us.
Jack Pashin: That you know thrusting is not much in the in the frontal structure is not much after the mississippian pennsylvanian boundary.
Jack Pashin: So early posh securian okay so that's the front most structure squatting and he climbs the next structure and that's kind of.
Jack Pashin: Still early but later part of the boss carrion and then the third structure in the cahaba simple honorarium that folding now in the foot wall, the zillion a thrust is post a positional supposed posh kieran.
Jack Pashin: But the cold, but it was during qualification was as the written down the rocks were being buried, as they were folded so are.
Jack Pashin: You saying this entry evidence.
Bill Witherspoon: tells us that that that the folds are developing from from outward to inward from from.
Jack Pashin: break back.
Jack Pashin: How to sequence.
Jack Pashin: Which is shot.
Bill Witherspoon: there's pretty good seismic across some of this area right, I mean if we add if the growth faulting where we're and then the truncation is we're we're pervasive it seems like we would we would see that, on the seismic is that.
Jack Pashin: While we don't it's definitely shown and.
Jack Pashin: Seismic doesn't go exactly where you'd want to, and then the other, the old danica lines that show the structure going along strike but.
Jack Pashin: I wish I could be trotted out there that shows that structure going along strike as a lot of blind structured squad Chianti Klein, is a huge structure where it plunges out into the into the pennsylvanian rocks some brought up and fold with nuts structure overleaf about 400 feet and.
Jack Pashin: des positional cycles in the in the coal bearing rocks are kind of at the edge of what you can image and seismic.
Jack Pashin: So he put it together from the what, but of course it's drilled in 40 acre spacing with cold dead nothing well so centrally I do the structure around the flooding surfaces there.
Jack Pashin: And it shows that the just measure the dip in the four lemon the backlink it decreases upward and section and both.
Jack Pashin: I publish that a long time ago in the in the ED bowl and it's been a few other places yeah.
Willis Hames: I heard comments, a comment in the clip bear no field trip earlier today, where the.
Willis Hames: The Florida state group assuming a lot of has done TIM tall through through his career has looked for fossils in.
Willis Hames: The talladega belton.
Willis Hames: portions of the western blue Ridge and Bob castaldo also.
Willis Hames: identified.
Willis Hames: Plant fossils that are devoting into earliest mississippian and those are rocks that have been.
Willis Hames: metamorphose to the allegheny and Defense so yeah like a new event has to be younger than than those fossils and the way that I came about things, looking at higher grade metamorphic rock perhaps more to the East to the allegheny an event it gave me a warped perspective and I.
Willis Hames: expecting to see allegheny and.
Willis Hames: You know I thought of allocating it is to 90 or 300 simply because I was looking at peckman tight or cooling ages that were in Georgia and other parts of the more easterly Piedmont, but as we work our way West.
Willis Hames: And look carefully, we can find some of the earliest things to have formed and they are vizio and broadly speaking, if I keep that straight so ages like 330.
Willis Hames: Yes, so, and now this is one place to that i'll i'll i'll i'll try to catch jacket a corner, but it's not easy, you know he it's not easy to quarter jacket but um but 330 is a time of the beggar limestone deposition.
Willis Hames: is correct yeah so So how do we have all this thick carb eight wow we've got an origin to prevent this happening, but 330 is probably.
Willis Hames: What we can find for some of the high grade metamorphic rocks as poor for blaster developing during peak metamorphosis and Mike is that are developing interest fabrics.
Willis Hames: But the thing that we remember and as checklist to sing to all of the final in place, but that we see and a lot of faulting that was coming on the width or on the heels of allocating unfolding.
Willis Hames: it's all late and everything we're seeing is transported pretty far westward the other metamorphosis some while the beggar limestone was developing metamorphosis was happening pretty far.
Willis Hames: Too impressive so.
Jack Pashin: yeah I wouldn't think that yeah looking at it does the same ages, I would think in terms of of cooling and, especially, you know post neo acadian because neo acadian.
Jack Pashin: You know the core of the katie and Roger any other there are some major, especially for ronnie and and for many and things we historically called call the kb and although bill pointed out earlier, that now it's not what's up at acadia.
Willis Hames: Now.
Jack Pashin: And, and then you look at the termination and we have massive classic wedge the pocono wedge cuyahoga borden and things like that and that's a major on roofing event.
Jack Pashin: In the origin, then the you know the the termination and for the same carbonates lap on to that which is probably as much as being the tropics and sea level.
Jack Pashin: Doing that keeping the sediment in toward the origin, so I would think that it are some sort of exclamation event going on.
Jack Pashin: In the interior of the origin, that would be giving us a lot of have to say and cooling ages and yeah perhaps on as a prelude to.
Jack Pashin: start of allegheny and for us to the final bill Thomas is generally thought in the you know in in the southeast he thought that things were going on in the park with already it's just kind of distal and I think you just found it in the park would.
Jack Pashin: injure way because you are getting you know relatively muscovite as young as it could conceivably be and still be in the park.
Terry Vines: But.
Bill Witherspoon: that's a pennsylvanians folded in the most internal places that it's exposed right, so I mean.
Bill Witherspoon: So it had to arrive after those units.
or put down.
Bill Witherspoon: Am I hearing that you're saying that it actually arrived in the valley and reach that threshold to arrive in the valley and region in Mississippi in time or.
Willis Hames: Actually, the nope distrust faulting is probably i'm.
Willis Hames: permian um yeah.
Bill Witherspoon: yeah another startup series something different just no.
Jack Pashin: No, no, I think that there is there is wildly Dome apparently broke in.
Jack Pashin: In in earliest Bashkiria are very early pennsylvanian I think cahaba and things like that will piggyback basins, more or less.
Jack Pashin: But we don't we don't see the growth strategy there, the way we see them in the black or you're basing on the appalachian structures that are in the subsurface.
Bill Witherspoon: For the Washington belt supposed to be good earlier right.
Jack Pashin: i'm not at all convinced that it is you know the watch a top was obviously active doing a lot of things, but most of what you see in the classic form a watch a tosses breakdown of the shelf from load.
Jack Pashin: But you know the the for alone thrusting appears to be relatively young the devonian doesn't show growth strata.
Jack Pashin: In the in the base and there was definitely a lot of sediment coming in, during the via token, but a lot of that sediment is draining draining North America and jack jack fork looks like proximal fan.
Jack Pashin: So we're at the head of the term night fans there, so I think it's a different system and yeah just looking at the photos incline and things like that it's got to be later than the morning.
Jack Pashin: Now you go deeper into the interior, the origin, things are ungodly happening much earlier and I think that's part of the case and in the appalachians.
Jack Pashin: Is the and we have some dessel for oil and things that are breaking and doing very subtle things early actually while he dumps not not subtle at all as a vertical linear for rolling along appalachian strike but uh.
Jack Pashin: But some of things you know, there was a lot going on in the origin but it's not necessarily being immediately reflected in foreign base and phil until you're into the Pennsylvania.
Willis Hames: I was going to ask Dr Dean or question in that regard about just what's going on in the basin and.
Willis Hames: What triggers things.
Willis Hames: Because we seem to have.
Willis Hames: cases that we can make for lunch today nope settlement transport or transverse set of a transport.
Willis Hames: In a Himalayan analog.
Willis Hames: To settlements sediments from tributaries Ganges prabhu tra thanks coming from the end oberman ranges to they all just mix or two things turn a certain system on and off limiting them from reaching the big old fat how, what do you see me a couple of.
Ashraf Uddin: Things real are we.
Ashraf Uddin: On both kinds of Granite systems that two major ones that's coming to the eastern Himalayan areas, the Western has the Indus so let's leave leave it alone.
Ashraf Uddin: And so Brahmaputra Ganges they are flowing, on the other sides of the Himalayas Robert flows.
Ashraf Uddin: toward the front of it already units from the West, and then, on the other side of the image or the north side and keeps on moving to the east and it's a beautiful gorgeous in this like grand Canyon in many places.
Ashraf Uddin: And then, all of a sudden diva piracy happened, and then it turns out, and then close to the south southern and and then to some extent is remain says.
Ashraf Uddin: transverse and longitudinal but eventually though reverse they're coming from the Obama years, these are not as long as the Himalayan reverse, they are, they are.
Ashraf Uddin: You can trace their headwater very close it's not that far above but gang is and Brahmaputra and I think that in this, on the other side.
Ashraf Uddin: They do very long, long shooting and drain it and then turn it on and come to the Delta, so the Indus Delta, also in the same way, but I.
Ashraf Uddin: I don't remember how many viewers coincide there, but here, he Ganges Brahmaputra and there are there is another event which is coming from the northern extent of the environment, those areas or megan and becomes very.
Ashraf Uddin: I think broad and wide and said they make two three conferences one when candies and Brahmaputra MIT and then down there, the main conference goes a little further south and other river magnet comes and joins there so it's a.
Ashraf Uddin: it's a game have so many drainage systems so many different kinds and and one you know asked should ask a question that.
Ashraf Uddin: They know based in the northern extent of the land is not that far from mount Everest.
Ashraf Uddin: is somebody I would say, less than hundred kilometers Sharif may correct me if i'm wrong so it's less than that, but we nowadays we don't see any large scale drainage system coming from the high elevated areas probably lack of glaciers, maybe.
Ashraf Uddin: But if we go back in time I my hunch is that that there were major drain assistance coming from straight from the central part of the Himalayas go straight down to the Indian Ocean sure if you have anything to add.
Sharif Mustaque: Well, there, there are evidence as like there is one river and acronyms would remember stop money, money comes work.
Sharif Mustaque: That he worked on and we talked me and that routine talked about this little river, which is known as the stuff.
Sharif Mustaque: That should have drain straight from lesser Himalayas into the gas into the bangle base in and particularly towards the not the not Western side of the Bengal base in and deposited sediments and based on the data that will start wanting showed in his thesis.
Sharif Mustaque: It does look like that there is signatures that indicate that, rather than being the major Ganges or Brahmaputra this is this has a different signature, so this was a major tributary or you can say this was a major depose.
Sharif Mustaque: river system that was depositing sediment in the earlier times like probably earlier mile seen time when the Bengal basing was initially being formed, so there are chance there are hypothesis that Ganges initially was a trance.
Sharif Mustaque: latitude in a river system right like what we are thinking about based on the Archer and graph paper here in the appalachians that it was a.
Sharif Mustaque: longitudinal reverse system that was flowing and their hypothesis that Ganges was initiated like that, and as the continents collided Himalayas being formed that.
Sharif Mustaque: Change change the tread tracks so on, I mean it's it's all happening in the Himalayas and, at the very moment, we are living on so.
Sharif Mustaque: All of the things that are happening at the same time, we are living and then, then we all we can do is just look into what had happened.
Sharif Mustaque: previously.
Willis Hames: that's pretty big to think about and.
Willis Hames: i'll remind people also to have a look at the chat or post questions on chat.
Willis Hames: As we go along.
Willis Hames: it's remarkable to be to quit the geography of my head, I guess, I could have looked on a map and a gleam that to think about the high Himalayan mount Everest being.
Sharif Mustaque: Approximately let's say let's say, less than 500 miles from what we are central bangle base into the Everest.
Okay.
Willis Hames: yeah that's.
Sharif Mustaque: that's pretty close.
Willis Hames: it's pretty that's pretty cool yeah.
Sharif Mustaque: um that's a passion, I actually have a question for you.
Sharif Mustaque: Okay um I was, I was honored that I got the chance to go with the crew Dean and Dr hames to.
Sharif Mustaque: Alabama geological survey in tuscaloosa last month and we looked at the cores and we particularly looked one of the cores that one of the Trojans previous to and worked on the compliment fishes.
Sharif Mustaque: Yes, and what we what came to my mind it's it's probably nothing but what came to my mind, is like in the in the penultimate finishes you have like nice looking compliments and then suddenly you have mud.
Sharif Mustaque: And then that goes back.
Sharif Mustaque: To conglomerates.
Sharif Mustaque: So.
Sharif Mustaque: Initially, my thought was is it.
Sharif Mustaque: anything to do with sea level like sea level translation regression, or is it just because of the populations were really getting high at that time period.
Jack Pashin: I think the answer is yes.
Ashraf Uddin: yeah he's definitely.
Sharif Mustaque: yeah.
Jack Pashin: yeah and if you might want to check out there's the cahaba coalfield bulletin, where I have the the braid plane and asked to Moses model that's the first place.
Jack Pashin: I ever ever put it, but this actually happens so this can happen both ways, it could be base level changes yeah and it could be entirely tectonic yeah some thrust sheet or some piece of land pops up somewhere and things get.
Jack Pashin: get it loaded me I get some very different deal, while you go chronologically results from different conglomerate unit so.
Jack Pashin: Right so there's changes within within the source area but yeah This is something that braided streams do and what we know about the.
Jack Pashin: About modern braid planes is they can really choke up with settlement, eventually, and they go from you know from our braid plane, where you just see that you know that network of.
Jack Pashin: Of branching and and Eskimos and channels to what's called a NASA most flu veal system, and this is going on today along the the saskatchewan river and.
Jack Pashin: You can do it by subsidence you can do it by sea level change, but ultimately when a lot of mud fine grained sediment gets gets introduced to the system, the system chokes and it's like the whole thing becomes a Crevasse splay.
Jack Pashin: Okay, and one thing I noticed trying to correlate the coals in the upper most part of the pottsville where the where the conglomerates are in the Kaaba coalfield.
Jack Pashin: it's a lot harder but they're very thick coals up there, there are some seven foot yeah plus coals in places, but they don't go anywhere.
Jack Pashin: So they're probably in you know in some of the flood basins between these an estimate, as in channels and the other thing I noticed is you know.
Jack Pashin: Where there are some of these old panoramic cod mine high walls look at it and it just looks like curved display everywhere just little channels and sheet sands and things like that calls coming and going.
Jack Pashin: So it's a really complex faces mosaic so so My guess is that you know low stand would.
Jack Pashin: would contribute to you know, bringing coarse grained sediment into the basin, but also an active thrusting event that would just just bring something up to be routed that's eroded.
Jack Pashin: Very rapidly would contribute to the development of the braid planes and then the quiet are times when when sea level was rising you know high base level.
Jack Pashin: moments of tectonic quiescence would would favor and they asked Moses, of the flu veal systems or whatever it is it's really a sediment choke system either way yeah.
Willis Hames: I need to think about I.
Willis Hames: And I love some of the pictures of your presentation, for that to chat.
Willis Hames: Is it called read his post a question in chat that.
Willis Hames: uh Dr Dean, I wonder if you could run with this one it's in regard to the.
Willis Hames: model presented a 2016 asr paper.
Willis Hames: Can you see that question.
Ashraf Uddin: yeah I can.
Willis Hames: And I said, you can unmute if you'd like as well.
Ashraf Uddin: i'm on the right, you can hear me.
Willis Hames: Yes, yes okay.
Ashraf Uddin: I think the end of the first part of the question is is true that.
Ashraf Uddin: lack warrior basin was part of the.
Ashraf Uddin: portland based mason that devil up.
Ashraf Uddin: was telling in or rajini and there are done most of blackwater basin, there are other business at the same time and.
Ashraf Uddin: One of our Grad student just worked on in the Pennsylvania area and she found ironically, the rocks in there are also known as pottsville like in Alabama and in between somewhere they're not posturing I don't know who who named them that way.
Ashraf Uddin: But is this the case, the same way that it was serious for deep develop an actually is far more interesting if someone is flying from the West.
Ashraf Uddin: Going toward India, the passing that, and you can literally see the 40 from the airplane is really deep and measure the Ganges literally floored that path for a considerable distance so knowing that you know I would say the Blackberry or basin is.
Ashraf Uddin: is one of those based in system northern central, and this is would be the part of the southern appalachian basing of the Union time.
Ashraf Uddin: And, and later on the mechanics that jack just talked about that it in broke into several units, but nevertheless, this was a very large.
Ashraf Uddin: For deep system that that existed in the south.
Isaac Allred: Are there any concerns regarding the continuity between the southern appalachian base and into the black we're basing because of the Bangalore limestone another carbonate bases.
Jack Pashin: Like guess i'll take that one, I would say, not because based in Pennsylvania and sam's you know when you're in Pennsylvania and Ohio they are in much of West Virginia they occupy very well.
Jack Pashin: entrenched in size valleys that can be mapped as tributaries headed toward that.
Jack Pashin: The West some of the tributaries do do cross the Cincinnati arch, but most of the access follows it and those same sans tray through Kentucky where they become much wider.
Jack Pashin: wider sand belts I think of the corbin sandstone in particular and they're they're considered very courts which bedlam dominated.
Jack Pashin: flew the old deposits i'd love to see what the MIC is are in Los and that you can map them continuously through the Tennessee plateau into into Alabama.
Jack Pashin: So what happens in Alabama, though, is because you know watch it off lecture combined with appalachian fluctuate you have a continental promontory that literally took a double thrust load.
Jack Pashin: So during the early part of the Pennsylvania, the bottom just dropped out and what are relatively few.
Jack Pashin: thin courts Aaron I units in the in other regions becomes a monster section, you know the thickest.
Jack Pashin: ficus new river, which would be you know Westphalian a section.
Jack Pashin: Late boss carrion section outside of of the anthracite region in Pennsylvania is in is in Southwest Virginia and then it just balloons and an 8500 foot succession, you know what in West Virginia.
Jack Pashin: that's no more than 1500 feet, is more than 8500 feet thick so everything splits and we got the thing we get an ad in the black warrior you don't get other places is incredible strata graphic resolution.
Jack Pashin: So big recorder.
Isaac Allred: Or the courts erionite measures, I guess that may not be applicable to the.
Isaac Allred: Block where you're based in central Park, but would you see some nice basal pennsylvanian sands.
Isaac Allred: Like in winter in County or were some good exposures.
Jack Pashin: We can see the oh you're so.
Jack Pashin: Beautiful we expose the long than northern margin of the base, in fact, a few of the the photos I snuck in there, the big sweeping cross beds and the low angle wedge plan across as the best examples are along interstate 65 along the northern lip of the black or your basin.
Jack Pashin: and similar things were exposed all along the frontal the frontal thrusts along the wills creek and declines to quality and client structures, like that, and indeed.
Jack Pashin: The interior of the basin and that's where David hobday originally came up with the barrier shoreline and interpretation.
Jack Pashin: Whereas, you know that's kind of been unique to the black or your base, and whereas you'd go farther North these things are traditionally interpreters flew veal and in Kentucky there.
Jack Pashin: Beautiful flew veal deposits, no he didn't you only interpret some of the upper upper sam's above main valley fills as as title.
Isaac Allred: Okay, so like based on hot days work the predominant interpretation is that these court sands, where we worked by title forces perhaps during a high stand or perhaps during some low stand periods, perhaps there were some food, fuel systems in that area, perhaps.
Jack Pashin: yeah well hobday didn't accept a lot of that stuff that's the interpretation i've always made made is that there is a low standard surface of erosion below these sandstone units, so the sand stones would be themselves and be very late low stand to transgressive their morning.
Jack Pashin: So yeah so most most properly, you probably put it in the transgressive systems tracked although yeah you look up up dip everyone sees these insights valleys and you.
Jack Pashin: say there was there was Stan sands, so you know that's the question you look at the harper Archer and grab reconstruction, you know they place the flu veal systems, all the way, you know as terminating at the watch Tom payment.
Jack Pashin: which I don't know that that was really the low Stan configuration I don't know that the the sea totally off lap the.
Jack Pashin: You know, to the to the continental margin, but that transition is certainly in Alabama and somewhere around the lip of the black warrior base and as where things go from from louisville to to title.
Willis Hames: check for could go to see i'd love to see that to see i'm.
Willis Hames: In size channel of with deposit is that visible and outcrop just.
Jack Pashin: All over Eastern Kentucky the one line was when I was a student up there we'd love to go look at the livingston conglomerate.
Jack Pashin: and actually on the map out the Paleo valley and geologic quadrangle maps and Kentucky it's shown isn't in size Valley.
Jack Pashin: And there's a lot of work there's a geologist named jack beef and he used to teach up in john's Pennsylvania.
Jack Pashin: He may have the a lot of the insides valleys and West in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, and as defined very discreet axes.
Jack Pashin: And then there are a lot of other neat things are actually pennsylvanian courts rich sands that sit on top of Cincinnati arch they've been mapped by the usgs and southern Ohio where you got.
Jack Pashin: You get the courts era nights bearing like a pod sitting in the Cincinnati and shales late or division fossil bearing things as just kind of amazing It shows that the channels actually went across the Cincinnati arch in places.
Willis Hames: That sounds very cool thanks.
Willis Hames: What question and again it.
Willis Hames: Anyone could speculate on this bs before dogs have a fit ago um.
Willis Hames: I I I could be mistaken, but I think i've seen fragments of coal as class incense stones it now perhaps this is something that became Cole after it was with defied.
Willis Hames: But right or wrong i've got this picture in my head that a chunk of coal broke off with Robin outcrop and that was incorporated into a conglomerate and I have a hard time understanding that and and which leads me to.
Willis Hames: Is the development of the coals in all the developments of the Coal seems that Alabama is that process that's happening with a basin.
Willis Hames: evolution and and strata graphic burial or is it happening during thrust loading or is it happening with both you and Dr Dean can run with that issue wish right.
Sharif Mustaque: All that for him, I would, I would like to add a bit it's totally apart from the appalachians, but I would like to add on with you because I have been seeing cold streaks in my sansom samples.
Jack Pashin: Okay, and when you see see the cold class they're they're cold spars.
Jack Pashin: They range from everything from just isolated logs and things like that that got incorporated into the sand and we're qualified.
Jack Pashin: During during burial so it's just just fossil would The other thing we see is when when a river inroads into coal, and this is shown beautifully throughout the appalachian base or.
Jack Pashin: sandstone body will come down and ride a coal seam and then just cut through it very rapidly and there you can get class of of coal that appear, you know.
Jack Pashin: Nearly full bed thickness so pete is very cohesive, but when it starts giving way it goes goes rapidly, if you remember in that one outcrop.
Jack Pashin: You know I showed that that big that giant cold class well below the pine sandstone and in other areas, we find a coal about that thickness called the rope or cold.
Jack Pashin: And I think it was dusty road there and we see a rafted pete body, and these have been shown there's a literature on this, where the raft big chunks of pete like that.
Jack Pashin: Where the if it's if it's big enough and thick and often you see this in eastern Kentucky you'll see a little faults toward the end edge of the Coal body and it's just where the peak compacted.
Jack Pashin: And the sand settled in around the edges, because to go from an individual plant coal is about a one to 21 to 25 compaction ratio for the for the carboniferous to go from like a 10 foot pete bad.
Jack Pashin: Will yeah there's there's only a one to 10 net compaction ratio from Western calls it's about a one to SAP error seven to one compaction ratio, so if you have 10 feet of beat.
Jack Pashin: you'll get one feet one foot of cold that's how much compaction there is, but it happens very quickly now add to that that to really get cold.
Jack Pashin: You know, to get pete cola five it does require burial so to get to lignite doesn't take much it's just a slightly overcooked salad.
Jack Pashin: But to get to buy Tunis Cole requires a lot of time and temperature and you achieve that with burial depth, so you know Alabama calls have been very deeply buried on the world's top metallurgical cold provinces.
Jack Pashin: And so, when you see anthracite or something like that you know it's been very, very deeply buried.
Jack Pashin: And so, if that coal gets eroded, you can get class of it in sedimentary rock now there are cores and outcrops of the pottsville we have found just well rounded pebbles of bright banded coal.
Jack Pashin: So somewhere, things are getting qualified others colwyn the devonian.
Jack Pashin: there's colon the there is a you know the early mississippian has a lot of has some economic coals and Southwest.
Jack Pashin: Virginia and Virginia, the price formation, there was anthracite up there, and there there's no reason why you know the greater black or your base and was a much bigger base, and then we see today.
Jack Pashin: So you know what was zoomed you know, like the coosa coalfield it's another 8500 foot cold bearing succession in Board of cahaba strata graphically we don't think it gets even halfway up through the cahaba section.
Jack Pashin: So that could have been getting erode at some point, who knows.
Jack Pashin: So so somewhere P, I P does accumulating it's being qualified and zoomed and reset demanded into the parts of information, but after it's qualified enough to be a well rounded class that's not pete stage that's probably paths lignite.
Willis Hames: yeah it.
Willis Hames: rattles in my head is very fast burial, coupled with some very fast excavation.
Willis Hames: tempered by the fact that there could be older coals to that are a potential source.
Jack Pashin: Right in the thing is that yeah we can actually use these these micah's to so you're getting a cooling age.
Jack Pashin: tells tells you what was going on yeah that Mike a form to considerable depth it's eroded, it is zoomed in eroded and deposited in the pottsville formation.
Jack Pashin: very, very quickly so that gives you an idea of the rates of uplift and explanation that are required to make the foreign base and fill.
Willis Hames: It sneak.
Ashraf Uddin: yeah I asked this question before many times and now in presence of students, let me ask you one more time.
Ashraf Uddin: So how about basing the way we look at it is well classified in terms of fish is your major fishing system, but the deeper part of the black Korea we don't have such classification and did you make an effort to do that on anybody else.
Jack Pashin: Know i've always just gone with the cold zones, you know historically it's lower and upper pottsville if you want to make an analogy.
Jack Pashin: yeah and it because the courts era nights are so time transgressive there yeah if you're.
Jack Pashin: yeah there's just the boil sandstone at the southeast space and margin, but by the time you're up in in Walker county in the Northwest you have them stacked up all the way into the Mary Lee coals and plus.
Jack Pashin: So that would be depending where you are equivalent to the courts era night measures as Magna faces.
Jack Pashin: And when you're in the cold bad nothing and fields and all you have is mud stone and live Fahrenheit.
Jack Pashin: Then, then that's essentially the same as the mud stone measures in cahaba.
Jack Pashin: And I think lahmar measures are kind of our unique to cahaba because there's only one marine zone in all of the conglomerate measures.
Jack Pashin: Just just below the colo zone is the only marine zone, we found in there and.
Jack Pashin: So that that's very different, whereas black or your base and all the way and through into those grounds that preserved things way younger than what we normally map and think about.
Jack Pashin: You just get these marine non marine cycles stacked one after another, through the Pennsylvania.
Sharif Mustaque: i'm on that are Dr passion.
Sharif Mustaque: Would you how would you see the difference between like going back to my first question that.
Sharif Mustaque: Whether within the compliment fish is the milestones that we see are due to set up man, I mean to to uplift or do to sea level translation, I mean, is there any way that you can differentiate between these two situations.
Jack Pashin: I think it's very hard to because, ultimately, our list photography is much more highly resolve them any other type of strategic or fee.
Jack Pashin: That we have and losing the Marine zones takes away even you know more capability to do cyclist photography there's always going to be a lot of uncertainty there but it, so I would just entertain.
Jack Pashin: You know both one thing that we do see I didn't analysis, where the black or your base and showed no vertical trend in the frequency of marine and terrestrial rocks.
Jack Pashin: So the Marine zones are as well developed at the base of the pottsville is at the top in cahaba.
Jack Pashin: it's totally different in that the Marine zones are mainly in the lower part and the base and becomes totally terrestrial eyes.
Jack Pashin: And although I can't demonstrate any kind of growth strategy that says, if things are pounding behind some sort of barrier so maybe the Birmingham and chlorine was.
Jack Pashin: Moving on, in an early stage at that point, but also some of it is just you could make the argument that the system is so choked with sediment.
Jack Pashin: There was no way the seaweed ghanian everything is just full all the time and that you know so at what point do marine base level changes give way to you know upland processes.
Jack Pashin: where only the tectonics and subsidence are driving it and you know from what we've done in the blackboard your base and some of the work Dennis Harry and I did on on.
Jack Pashin: On geophysics and fletcher and then we realized that things are going on.
Jack Pashin: yeah some of the tectonic processes appear to be occurring it's similar rate is the static processes, and this is very high frequency more lenkiewicz band sedimentation, so I think it's all going on and working together to give us this this product, we see okay.
Isaac Allred: I want to ask one more question how has anyone kind of contextualize the black we're based in within the grid or appalachian portland based system such as a system along the lines of the cells.
Isaac Allred: From where you have the for deep depth ozone, maybe nashville Dome as a for bulge and maybe Illinois basin backbone is that an appropriate context for perhaps some of the things we see the blackboard.
Jack Pashin: Yes, that work has been done there's a paper by by whiting and Thomas and, most of us do you consider flow actually the black, for your base and is fundamentally a watch a tough orland basin.
Jack Pashin: But there with the appalachian super imposed on it.
Jack Pashin: So it's a flexor toward the southwest and there was you know the the eastern part of the base and has an appalachian fletcher super imposed on it, and all that modeling that the national Dome is considered as for bulge.
Jack Pashin: and
Jack Pashin: And so yeah what we see an Alabama and what's really filled with with there and medic said sentiments is kind of an appalachian devo Center on a much larger.
Jack Pashin: Foreign base and that that the that essentially everything dips underneath the watch all the normal fault systems we see in the base and they increase in displacement they're very thin skinned.
Jack Pashin: In in the northeast and the southwest the faults become much bigger and are very clearly over thrust by the watch at aws.
Jack Pashin: And then yeah and the big question is the nature of things you know bill Thomas historically is had watched a toss sources for the sediment in the black warrior basin.
Jack Pashin: And you know it's clearly much, much more complex than that there's a big appalachian component and and we just look at.
Jack Pashin: The betrayal GEO chronology you see everything all the North American trains preserved.
Jack Pashin: In in most of the basins, so the question is how did this form yeah we have this model.
Jack Pashin: From the frontal watch a tos of you know, create tonic Fred drainage and turn right fans in the watch Tom payment and the system closing is more or less a Kathy and type oceanic system where the deep sea fans are being duplicated and thrust it up onto the continent.
Jack Pashin: And I think that's what blackmore your base and is because very hard deck you know there's no question it's a watch at all for one basin, but much like in in Oklahoma and Arkansas it's actually very hard to demonstrate watch a tall sediment sources.
Jack Pashin: So, but in terms of it being being you know, most of it is for deep some of it, I think, when you get.
Jack Pashin: You can start making arguments when you reach the wily them squat Chianti climb and some in Birmingham attic linoleum that that is or a gigantic gigantic wedge top, but it is very subtle compared to.
Jack Pashin: Compared to some of the European examples and other wedge top examples.
Isaac Allred: Thank you so much.
Okay.
Jack Pashin: I think everyone is is quiet now.
Willis Hames: you've given us a lot to think about there.
Willis Hames: Is this last couple of questions uh yeah it's yes it's a lot.
Willis Hames: Very neat.
Jack Pashin: yeah well it's fascinating.
Jack Pashin: it's one of the more complex space and learned a lot of foreign basis where you have two distinct mountain ranges to deal with that's why you collaborating with the guys and.
Jack Pashin: learning about the Bengali basis so like that it's great because there aren't a lot of places, this is happening and that's kind of a similar setting.
Mike Trippi: That passion i'm Mike trippy from usgs.
Jack Pashin: mm hmm.
Mike Trippi: Now this isn't really related to your field trip, but I.
Mike Trippi: was wondering if you ever got a chance to look at the poster I put up on Friday.
Jack Pashin: I haven't I should go look.
Mike Trippi: Okay, well, the reason I asked is because i'm.
Mike Trippi: Something like six out of the eight wells in the cross section on the poster are from your.
Mike Trippi: 2011 SP EA report.
Jack Pashin: own ritzy.
Mike Trippi: Cross section, so these wells like SLM coke and.
Jack Pashin: Being a three oh yeah that's great stuff.
Mike Trippi: yeah so I.
Mike Trippi: I used your cross section as a starting point, I also.
Jack Pashin: A brother.
Mike Trippi: wells and and it goes from precambrian all the way up to the surface.
Jack Pashin: So green.
Mike Trippi: Not just concentrated on the yoga and the other shales and the devonian.
Mike Trippi: But anyway, I was hoping, I could get some feedback from you, at some point.
Jack Pashin: Sure i'll i'll take a look at it.
Jack Pashin: Okay year to do that, because you know that's that's a really interesting part of the world because that's where we watch the we have the slurry and devonian section loot from a few.
Mike Trippi: Right right.
Jack Pashin: Most 10,000 acres but.
Mike Trippi: yeah.
Jack Pashin: You can't scale wedge in New York so.
Mike Trippi: Yes, they the green kale Sinclair memorial yeah.
Exactly.
Mike Trippi: yeah anyway, I didn't want to.
Mike Trippi: interrupt the conversation about the field trip, but if you've got a chance, some time.
Jack Pashin: Sure i'll be happy to.
Mike Trippi: Okay, so it was at 1130 on Friday.
Jack Pashin: So okay.
Jack Pashin: I will check it out.
Mike Trippi: And post okay Okay, I appreciate it.
Mike Trippi: And I.
Mike Trippi: idea, the video for the field trip boy I was, I was watching it until about 130 last night I couldn't stop.
Jack Pashin: Okay.
Mike Trippi: So pretty interesting.
Jack Pashin: Okay yeah.
Willis Hames: I.
Jack Pashin: find it useful.
Willis Hames: audrey audrey has thumbs up and.
Willis Hames: The first recording I heard online the audio for Dr routines first appearance was slowed down a little bit did anybody catch that.
Yes.
Mike Trippi: strange.
Jack Pashin: way.
Willis Hames: We try to fix that and and I, and I said to audrey that Dr Dean was channeling his inner Andre the giant.
Willis Hames: But I think it happened with all of the video that we shot on cell phones that people had to go back in and stretch the audio to match that match correctly, so I apologize if that's still there, Dr Dean, we weren't really good nasty trick on you.
Jack Pashin: Because if it's still on understand I saw that.
watch the video.
Jack Pashin: chat way.
Willis Hames: wreck speed, so I know that everyone knew that you know it's okay.
Jack Pashin: Okay.
Sharif Mustaque: And, but it was it was a fun video because we suddenly found out this steps stairs and the food in.
Sharif Mustaque: different names me and dawn john was there and I was like a like let's just go up and shoot it from the top, with all the cores in behind, and it was it was a really cool looking video.
Willis Hames: i'm kind of unhappy in a way, because I feel like not everyone knows so much about the alibaba core repository but i'm afraid now of secrets out.
Ashraf Uddin: We kind of advertising.
Willis Hames: Right, we should have thought that it's too good and and really I mean.
Willis Hames: I guess we're saying this to our credit, since we live in Alabama but there aren't many state resources quite like that that's amazing.
Jack Pashin: Exceptional yeah.
Jack Pashin: yeah well now.
Jack Pashin: When.
Willis Hames: I hope I hope Alabama geologic survey has a nice.
Willis Hames: You know feeling about all of this to it.
Willis Hames: They it's been a terrific resource.
Jack Pashin: Right.
Mike Trippi: and also the the well logs and.
Mike Trippi: And the mud logs and the.
Jack Pashin: No yes.
Mike Trippi: and which I used extensively and my project they're really amazing all the information that's there.
Jack Pashin: Now, when.
Jack Pashin: was really smart on the part of the State put to put the geological survey and stayed on gas board gather.
Jack Pashin: Because there was a care for the data and that's I think that's one of the reasons why Alabama you know got the you know the cold bed methane industry started there because people could get data.
Jack Pashin: And people could could assume the risk, and I think that's part of the reason why, then the norfleet was developed immobile bays around was able to leverage all the data they could get very easily.
Jack Pashin: From Mississippi interior salt basin and other areas to explore for that ultra deep gas so just a huge investment, the State made and they did it very wisely.
Jack Pashin: And I wish we had that here in Oklahoma where it's really hard to get data and it's not 11 playing field Alabama has a very level playing field minutes that's good for everyone.
Jack Pashin: really good day having states with a strong geological survey and everyone benefits phone.
Mike Trippi: yeah yeah absolutely.
Jack Pashin: i'm preaching to the choir here.
Jack Pashin: I love my time there, I was just in a candy shop now 24 years in a candy shop that was pretty good.
Willis Hames: We should all feel that way, sometimes.
Willis Hames: Earth is pretty fascinating.
Okay.
Jack Pashin: So I got one quick quick question this is for you.
Willis Hames: to watch on was working Oh, he was sorry check I saw to watch it kind of take a deep breath.
Dogancan Yasar: Yes, I was hey Dr passion nice to meet you and I.
Dogancan Yasar: i'm new in in the US and during the field trip Dr James and Dr Dean mentioned you a lot and it's an honor to meet you.
Jack Pashin: meet you.
Ashraf Uddin: Likewise.
Dogancan Yasar: I was wondering if you would elaborate on.
Dogancan Yasar: You said that there may be some similarities with the test tectonics with evolution of the of these basins, I was wondering.
Dogancan Yasar: What do you think about that can you elaborate on that a bit more.
Jack Pashin: yeah I think that the the big similarity is you know sedimentation and organic syntax is a place where you know to to thrust belts meet at very at a relatively low angle.
Jack Pashin: So 90 degree turn here and Bengali area it actually they end up parallel to each other for a little bit they're literally literally colliding with each other at the corner.
Jack Pashin: Of the basin, but that makes it really exceptional circumstance, where the amount of tectonic load is exceptionally I look at most sedimentary basins, and you know you think of yeah generally.
Jack Pashin: You know, a third to half of the subsidence is because of the tectonic load, in this case i'm not sure how you explain it because he have a double organic load so yeah you have to two areas where where where.
Jack Pashin: they're essentially doubling crystal thickness in the end, so how you know how you do that, so they end up being really good laboratories, one for modern laboratory and Bengali area and one law.
Jack Pashin: And then the other one being a good ancient laboratory where you can see the results in just have a lot of of exploration, but some of the differences are outstanding to such as you know, and.
Jack Pashin: Where the.
Jack Pashin: You know the the bangle base and as open as a passive margin at the at the south end with the Ganges Brahmaputra delta so that's very different for us, whereas the.
Jack Pashin: lack or your base, and you know clearly and close and fully continental along the appalachian side and yet.
Jack Pashin: You look at the the watch Fatah side, or just went into a notion base and but that ocean base and was convergent and probably starting in the devonian I would say, but sometime after deposition of Novak djokovic church it wasn't a passive margin anymore.
Jack Pashin: And so there is at least convergence, there was subduction things like that so so you kind of have to draw from toughest to look at for analogs for that, where it's closure of an open ocean base, and you know the appalachians hadn't been that way, since it to contact rodney.
Dogancan Yasar: Yes.
Dogancan Yasar: Most of the low grade metamorphic rocks, especially if they are from.
Dogancan Yasar: A grated complexes within them, there are many, but Baltic class or pebbles in the.
Dogancan Yasar: paradises, broadly speaking, that got me thinking if.
Dogancan Yasar: If we can correlate as you suggest that maybe we can look at that is.
Dogancan Yasar: That is our scrubs and talk about.
Dogancan Yasar: If there's a similar tectonics going on, and now we see on metamorphosed equivalence of those which are bizarre bizarre tick or may fig pebbles in these in the core samples which we actually looked at at the Hendrick score course.
Jack Pashin: Right and those are probably things zoom together their own political terrains going back you know the length of the peconic origin, so that could be one way to get there, the green stone belts of.
Jack Pashin: So right there you get on and you don't have to go far to find the hill will be green stone and things like that.
Jack Pashin: So it's probably more in interior stuff oh good good to know what's oceanic affinity what is yeah it's common to have assaulted clintonism within within frenetic terrain so just what we're dealing with is fascinating and, if you want to look at every pebble individually.
Jack Pashin: I know I do.
Dogancan Yasar: Thank you.
Dogancan Yasar: You don't know how helpful is this.
Dogancan Yasar: To a portion of my dissertation.
Jack Pashin: No i'm just one quick question.
Jack Pashin: You know what you're seeing when you start looking into the weeds of the data, there were some data sets were there were some examples where all of a sudden getting.
Jack Pashin: These blasts these acadian Spikes or neo acadian Spikes that seem to come out of nowhere he what's going on, where do you, what do you think is happening in the UK and source terrains.
Willis Hames: that's a great question um exactly right, and if we if you look back at Tara peavy's thesis and the paper that came from that.
Willis Hames: One of her samples, the entire muscovite.
Willis Hames: St there was single mode, it was her upper most sample and the MIC is we're all about 370 323 at perhaps.
Jack Pashin: Now known Ian.
Willis Hames: yeah so if we go back up to acadia you could have what you could have that age um and you can have you know, maybe, maybe 390 maybe a tiny bit older, but I think some of the there are some fossils in Vermont that put a bracket on that.
Willis Hames: But.
Willis Hames: What we see from from them from the Mary Lee Cole zone upward I think if I remember correctly, it that you do not see a prominent late or division for 45 like peak anymore what you see is.
Willis Hames: A 320 will call it allocating peak and then you see something smeared from 353 45 to maybe as old as 375 almost 380.
Willis Hames: And every once in a while that I wrote this down when somebody was talking about Sir cod I gotta get my my trial terminology on every what every now to get you see a doublet.
Willis Hames: You know, they were they were talking about some data, you have these two little peaks and and I don't want to make too much out of something that's in a distribution like this that you have two peaks and a little separation.
Willis Hames: But it's odd we see sometimes 365 and 375 you know little little little what is that two peaks is that what peak is that sampling so so something's going on with these later to vote in ages and and I would have to.
Willis Hames: acquiesce up and put them into neo acadia you know that kind of ages and they come and go.
Willis Hames: There they're never Apps but sometimes they they're more prominent and sometimes less prominent and I.
Willis Hames: I don't know.
Willis Hames: If Arthur Murcia, for the usgs who with.
Willis Hames: patch or help type coin, I think cat squared terrain and and Apps and thought about that or or if we think about their model for the accretion of the Carolina super terrain.
Willis Hames: That might be where these are coming from and so maybe transfer strategists are are providing them but, but when you get older.
Willis Hames: It to the devonian and you start getting toward 375 380 like numbers those can be coming from way north of two um and it all feeds into again the debate about what's the acadian in the southern appalachians anyway.
Willis Hames: So.
Willis Hames: There are tectonic models to avail ourselves to and.
Willis Hames: Bob hatcher and various students Arthur Murray, and in particular the placement of the cat squared terrain Carolina super train that could be a source for that and have one.
Willis Hames: paper that we published we suggested that perhaps the placement of those terrains somehow occluded or obstructed to connick.
Willis Hames: type of source and that's why the to conduct source disappears I think another viable hypothesis is that sources just not providing Mike is not because of tectonic reason but more of a base and supply and.
Willis Hames: kind of.
Willis Hames: More of the.
Jack Pashin: Possible well yeah there, there are four distinct you know we used to all be called acadian and was.
Jack Pashin: Like frank that incident has you know the for tech phases and first three or what people would classically call referral and based in perspective, the katie and rodney katie and ferland.
Jack Pashin: Basically i'm a fourth one is what became the neo acadian which is, which is kendra hook osage which is you know early mississippians termination.
Jack Pashin: So, but you know the frowny and for many and ages are what we always get and so you know that that's what all the black shells are the classic wedges are frowning and fermenting anything gets on with Asian and earlier things with their their friends their minor in comparison.
Willis Hames: yeah I think.
Willis Hames: um.
Willis Hames: I think that the you acadian event is a real stage that's particularly prevalent in the.
Willis Hames: Southern appalachians and we see that source of rot of war with with its foot on the gas and off of through through the base of history.
Jack Pashin: Oh yeah yeah it's kind of like turning yeah what turns on and off faucets.
Jack Pashin: yeah really good pretty high fidelity response to exhumation.
Jack Pashin: erosion and sedimentation something happens pretty fast and it's discreet.
Willis Hames: And that was back to my question to Dr Dean earlier about what you know what turns these things off and on it's not as if they just all like a bathtub that thing swirl and everything mixes suck out no it's it's it's it's like this it's very it's very discreet, it seems, you know.
Jack Pashin: Right now, you just think of you know catchment evolution and organic belts, something that essence the pleistocene some pretty complex history of.
Jack Pashin: Of these things, let alone in all the geologic time that's that's caught in in this I just think of the Cisco Han river and was dreaming and.
Willis Hames: I want to go back.
Willis Hames: and think more about.
Willis Hames: Look, I want to learn some some more regional tectonics and to answer this question can help me, maybe there are other syntax ease of the Athenian.
Willis Hames: Broadly speaking, Himalayan system to look at and we may get pictures of different kinds of supply, I wonder if the sacrifice full belt if it goes northward and there's something there perhaps if there are other ways to.
Willis Hames: To look at how the sediment is coming in in these modern examples.
Jack Pashin: yeah Zacharias of the interesting was very salt involved.
Jack Pashin: yeah we don't see that the good tacky and.
Jack Pashin: Type example and.
Jack Pashin: yeah just kind of wonder what what is known where about how these are going.
Willis Hames: yeah we don't.
Jack Pashin: get some of Borneo, maybe a great place to look at this.
Willis Hames: We don't see gypsum and other copyright deposits so much do we.
Willis Hames: In the.
Willis Hames: Around the appalachian.
Jack Pashin: Florian in that that this far south.
yeah.
Willis Hames: yeah that's.
Jack Pashin: A climate climates wrong anyway free equator.
Sharif Mustaque: um so I me and john john We too are newbies in the appalachians and we are still learning but.
Ashraf Uddin: Every day.
Willis Hames: Welcome to the club.
Sharif Mustaque: In general, a broader question to all the experts that we have here.
Sharif Mustaque: Do you really think that there was actually a major drainage flow like what Archer and Greg described.
Sharif Mustaque: In the appalachians.
Willis Hames: What two three okay.
Jack Pashin: No, I think there was a longitudinal drainage, but it was quite variable.
Jack Pashin: So yeah i'm not thrilled about.
Jack Pashin: Two separate drainage is each side of the Cincinnati arch although there were different catchments yeah if you look at you know you look along the watch a tas.
Jack Pashin: yeah I think all of our stuff was headed towards Mississippi valley Robin and areas like that and that.
Jack Pashin: was something that clearly comes out of the ancestral Rockies and there's something that clearly drains the eastern mid-continent that separate from that yeah I think it's a little more diffuse if they would have just shown one drainage that would have been good.
Jack Pashin: matty arch was a huge barrier.
Sharif Mustaque: And and.
Jack Pashin: I know the rivers went across it because the Ohio surveys mapped it.
Sharif Mustaque: And on that note how much was the influence from ouachita origin in Blackberry basing.
Jack Pashin: It was the whole that everything flowed towards ultimately Okay, think of it is yeah everything that the classic watch a tall settlement is to urbanites okay.
Jack Pashin: And you go into Mississippi actually go from the clay county stuff we were talking about which is barely qualified, we got that ash bed.
Jack Pashin: And you cross into the unc get into the interior of the watch a tas you go very rapidly from from that out things that haven't had a lot stripped off of them to what is kind of the edge of phil.
Jack Pashin: phil like grade rocks and it's all oceanic when we're in the water tas the watch a top facie so somehow I think it's strikes slip along the West edge of the Alabama promontory is how you explain that.
Jack Pashin: But uh but you know it's really hard to make a case for for much sediment coming out of the watch a tas into the blackboard or your base and and even the outcome of a sudden.
Jack Pashin: It always looks like the sediment sources or or somewhere else they're coming from North American everything's just draining toward there.
Jack Pashin: Okay, and permian we got definite watch a toss or things, and you know, there is no no Crystal and core known in the watch a tall origin, which is very tough Ian in nature in that regard.
Jack Pashin: Because just duplicated turbid aight fans my think North America federal so anything that was came out of the washer tas would be North Americans or sediment you got thrown back at the cotton.
Jack Pashin: Think of it that way.
Jack Pashin: and whatever was there yeah they'd be the Sabine terrain, or something was there, it was a long way away, and there were a lot of turbid it between whatever Crystal and core there was, and that the North American forums, the laurentian the Russian forums.
Sharif Mustaque: Thank you.
Willis Hames: there's one caveat, though, what potentially which.
Willis Hames: If we could triple the number of samples that we've looked at, so far, I think, with what we've learned a lot more um.
Willis Hames: What are the things would be to remember this, is it again, it comes back to things that you said from the beginning check.
Willis Hames: I think, Dr Dean, and I now see we're kind of bias, to the way we collect samples, and a lot of the a lot of our sampling is from provenance us sands and I hope the video points that out a lot.
Willis Hames: If there are people that.
Willis Hames: We can only speak in terms of to trial to your chronology, we can only speak to the exact samples we sampled we can and and there are certain types of pathology that we did not.
Willis Hames: sample preferentially The other thing is it'd be really great to get out of the black warrior base and and go.
Willis Hames: You know, along along strike perhaps and of the Atlantic front, we, the bad thing about ages is.
Willis Hames: A fun thing as soon as you hear an age or a date you think of place a time a location, based on your experience so when I out of all of the student theses thesis work we did we may have had two ages that came up 1.7 billion years.
Jack Pashin: You know just.
Willis Hames: Just one or two and they're not flew there unusual, but they're not flukes it would be fun.
Jack Pashin: itself not our thing.
Willis Hames: Not our thing it right here yeah and but if, but if we could follow some channel deposits in Kentucky and sing a few more of those I would go baltika yes that's baltika.
Willis Hames: You know yeah.
Jack Pashin: i've got to run a pair of cats to that.
Jack Pashin: This has been great.
Willis Hames: yeah it's fun.
listening.
Jack Pashin: forever.
Jack Pashin: Thank you jack okay thank Thank you guys.
Willis Hames: Thank you all, thank you.
Jack Pashin: Everyone.
Willis Hames: Have COP sex.
Jack Pashin: ciao thanks.
RISE GSA Audrey Heun: Okay, great job guys, thank you.