STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASES IN ANNELID WORMS REWRITE THE MOLECULAR FOSSIL RECORD

Molecular fossils have been used to augment the physical fossil record, charting the expansion of complex life through the Neoproterozoic Era (~1000-541 Ma). This work relies on the hypothesis that certain ratios are distinct enough to fingerprint living groups of organisms at the time. Namely, C27 steranes preserved in sedimentary rocks originate from cholesterol, the predominant sterol produced by red algae and animals while C28 and C29 carbon steranes are widely considered to be derived from the sterols of fungi, green algae and some protists. In this study, we demonstrate that the gene 24-C sterol methyltransferase (smt), which is necessary to produce C28 and C29 sterols, exists in segmented worms, an advanced group of animals. Phylogenetic analysis of smt gene suggests it was present in the first animals and independently lost in at least seven major lineages of the kingdom. A molecular clock demonstrates that the SMT specific to animals and their recent ancestors was present during the Neoproterozoic. Based on these results, C27 steranes cannot be considered indicative of Neoproterozoic animals, and C28+ steranes are not solely indicative of fungi or green algae. While our results do not necessarily contradict the emerging picture of Neoproterozoic life informed by molecular fossils, they refute the underlying hypothesis that drives many of their interpretations.