DECLINE IN COLD-WATER CORAL GROWTH PROMOTES MOLLUSCAN DIVERSITY: A PALEONTOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE FROM THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Framework-forming cold-water corals (CWC) are ecosystem engineers, building and supporting deep-sea biodiversity hotspots worldwide. While spatial patterns and drivers of species distributions have been evaluated on modern CWC reefs, little is known how reef biodiversity is affected by habitat variability over geologic time – the scale at which CWC reefs initiate, thrive, and decline. Using three CWC reef sediment cores as species diversity archives, we investigated temporal trends of molluscan diversity over the last ~13 kyr from a CWC mound in the Alboran Sea to evaluate (a) how spatial patterns of CWC-associated diversity are recorded in reef sediments, (b) the potential of CWC reefs as biodiversity hotspots when coral growth is flourishing and when it is not, and (c) which palaeoceanographic conditions or habitat characteristics may be driving biodiversity. Our results reveal that at the ecosystem scale differences in molluscan assemblages are more pronounced between CWC habitats than between intervals of CWC framework (flourishing growth) and non-framework (negligible CWC growth). However, within habitats, significant differences emerge between these assemblages: lower molluscan diversity is associated with flourishing CWC growth. Significant negative correlations between molluscan diversity and palaeoceanographic conditions conducive for CWC growth (high food availability, strong hydrodynamics, optimal bottom-water temperatures and salinities, high aggradation rates indicative of flourishing CWC growth) also imply that CWC growth and relevant environmental conditions contribute to reduced molluscan diversity. Altogether, these patterns detected over geologic time resemble those observed spatially across living CWC reefs today – where competition with resources, particularly food, prevents high reef biodiversity near dense living CWC colonies. Our study demonstrates that (1) ecological paradigms of living CWC are preserved in their sedimentary record, (2) flourishing CWC growth and conditions promoting CWC growth drive habitat-scale diversity patterns, and (3) a geological approach can be applied to study long-term diversity dynamics in CWC ecosystems.